Fourier-Transform Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (An Investigation of Five Higher Plant Cell Walls and Their Components)

Infrared and Raman spectra of sequentially extracted primary cell walls and their pectic polymers were obtained from five angiosperm plants. Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry was shown to be a powerful tool for the investigation of primary cell-wall architecture at a molecular level, providing complementary information to that obtained by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. The use of an extraction procedure using imidazole instead of cyclohexane trans-1,2-N,N,N[prime],N[prime]-diaminotetraacetate allows the extension of the infrared spectral window for data interpretation from 1300 to 800 cm-1, to 2000 to 800 cm-1, and allows us to obtain Raman spectra from extracted cell-wall material. Wall constituents such as pectins, proteins, aromatic phenolics, cellulose, and hemicellulose have characteristic spectral features that can be used to identify and/or fingerprint these polymers without, in most cases, the need for any physical separation. The Gramineae (rice [Oryza sativa], polypogon [Polypogon fugax steud], and sweet corn [Zea mays]) are spectroscopically very different from the nongraminaceous monocotyledon (onion [Allium cepa]) and the dicotyledon (carrot [Daucus carota]); this reflects differences in chemical composition and cross-linking of the walls. The possibility of a taxonomic classification of plant cell walls based on infrared and Raman spectroscopies and the use of spectral fingerprinting for authentication and detection of adulteration of products rich in cell-wall materials are discussed.

[1]  R. Redgwell,et al.  Structural features of cell-wall polysaccharides of onion Allium cepa , 1986 .

[2]  Stephen C. Fry,et al.  Cross-Linking of Matrix Polymers in the Growing Cell Walls of Angiosperms , 1986 .

[3]  M. Senda,et al.  Oriented structure of pectic polysaccharides in pea epidermal cell walls. , 1980 .

[4]  P. Albersheim,et al.  Structural features of the plant cell-wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II , 1988 .

[5]  Andrew J. Mort,et al.  The acetylation of O-3 of galacturonic acid in the rhamnose-rich portion of pectins , 1989 .

[6]  E. K. Kemsley,et al.  Spectroscopic method for the authentication of vegetable matter , 1994 .

[7]  S. Wiberley,et al.  Introduction to infrared and Raman spectroscopy , 1965 .

[8]  F. Skoog,et al.  A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures , 1962 .

[9]  Joseph E. Varner,et al.  Cell Wall Proteins , 1988 .

[10]  M. Senda,et al.  Infrared analysis of pea stem cell walls and oriented structure of matrix polysaccharides in them , 1978 .

[11]  Rajai H. Atalla,et al.  Raman Spectral Evidence for Molecular Orientation in Native Cellulosic Fibers , 1980 .

[12]  R. Atalla,et al.  Recording Raman spectra from plant cell walls , 1986 .

[13]  D. Nevins,et al.  Isolation and identification of O-(5-O-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-1(→3)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-xylopyranose as a component of Zea shoot cell-walls☆ , 1985 .

[14]  M. Jarvis.  Structure and properties of pectin gels in plant cell walls , 1984 .

[15]  C. Stace,et al.  Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (Contemporary Biology) , 1981 .

[16]  N. Carpita,et al.  Changes in pectin structure and localization during the growth of unadapted and NaCl-adapted tobacco cells , 1994 .

[17]  S. Fry.  Analysis of Cross-Links in the Growing Cell Walls of Higher Plants , 1989 .

[18]  P. Albersheim,et al.  Structure of Plant Cell Walls: X. RHAMNOGALACTURONAN I, A STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX PECTIC POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE WALLS OF SUSPENSION-CULTURED SYCAMORE CELLS. , 1980, Plant physiology.

[19]  P. Belton,et al.  Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy is a new way to look at plant cell walls. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[20]  E. Guittet,et al.  Ether linkage between phenolic acids and lignin fractions from wheat straw , 1985 .

[21]  N. Carpita,et al.  Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. , 1993, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[22]  F. Parker.  Applications of Infrared, Raman, and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy in Biochemistry , 1983 .

[23]  M. McCann,et al.  Orientation of macromolecules in the walls of elongating carrot cells. , 1993, Journal of cell science.

[24]  N. Maness,et al.  Problems encountered during the extraction, purification, and chromatography of pectic fragments, and some solutions to them , 1991 .

[25]  N. Carpita,et al.  Synthesis of (1-->3), (1-->4)-beta-D-glucan in the Golgi apparatus of maize coleoptiles. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  Peter S. Belton,et al.  Determination of the fruit content of jam using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , 1993 .

[27]  B. Keller,et al.  Structural Cell Wall Proteins , 1993, Plant physiology.

[28]  R. Atalla,et al.  Raman Microprobe Evidence for Lignin Orientation in the Cell Walls of Native Woody Tissue , 1985, Science.

[29]  P. Griffiths.  Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry , 2007 .

[30]  N. Carpita.  Pectic polysaccharides of maize coleoptiles and proso millet cells in liquid culture , 1989 .

[31]  N. Carpita,et al.  Changes in Esterification of the Uronic Acid Groups of Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Elongation of Maize Coleoptiles. , 1992, Plant physiology.