Computational methods for high resolution prediction and refinement of protein structures.

We review advances in implicit solvation and sampling algorithms which have resulted in enhanced capabilities in predicting and refining localized protein structures (e.g. loop regions) to high resolution. Improvements in the generalized Born model and hydrophobicity term yield significantly more accurate energetics; specialized sampling algorithms allow complex local structures, such as a loop-helix-loop region, to be reliably predicted. A novel penalty term is added for loops containing patterns of dihedrals seldom found in experimental structures. We show prediction of diverse sets of large loops, in the native backbone environment, to subångström accuracy. The methodology offers the promise of addressing the refinement problem in homology modeling if an approach can be devised to handle delocalized errors in the structure.