Cognitive integration of language and memory in bilinguals: semantic representation.

Understanding cognitive research on the integration of 2 languages in bilingual memory is difficult because of the different terminology, methodology, analysis, and interpretation strategies that scholars with different backgrounds bring to the research. These studies can be usefully categorized on 2 dimensions: memory for verbal experience versus linguistic knowledge, and systemwise versus pairwise issues. Experimental findings in this area converge on the conclusion that at the word meaning/conceptual level, both episodic and linguistic memory can be characterized as shared at the systems level and at least partly shared at the pairwise translation-equivalent level. Interpretation problems that stem from weak hypothesis testing structure and from covert translation can be minimized by using appropriate design and analysis techniques.

[1]  Robert W. Newby.  Effects of Bilingual Language System on Release from Proactive Inhibition , 1976 .

[2]  Barry McLaughlin,et al.  Second-language acquisition in childhood , 1980 .

[3]  D. D. Groot,et al.  Determinants of word translation , 1991 .

[4]  Peter A. Hornby,et al.  Bilingualism: Psychological, Social, and Educational Implications , 1977 .

[5]  Kirsten M. Hummel.  Bilingual memory research: From storage to processing issues , 1993, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[6]  Kim Kirsner,et al.  The bilingual lexicon: Language-specific units in an integrated network , 1984 .

[7]  John Macnamara,et al.  The Bilingual's Linguistic Performance—A Psychological Overview , 1967 .

[8]  A. Paivio,et al.  Dual coding and bilingual memory , 1981 .

[9]  W. Lambert,et al.  Bilingual organization in free recall , 1968 .

[10]  Murray Glanzer,et al.  Repetition between and within languages in free recall , 1971 .

[11]  H L Roediger,et al.  Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion , 1987, Memory & cognition.

[12]  Interlingual Interference in Naming Color Words , 1982 .

[13]  Joel Saegert,et al.  Memory for language of input in polyglots. , 1975 .

[14]  B. H. Basden,et al.  Cross-language priming in word-fragment completion , 1994 .

[15]  W. Marslen-Wilson,et al.  Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. , 1994 .

[16]  J. Grainger,et al.  Associative priming in bilinguals: Some limits of interlingual facilitation effects. , 1988 .

[17]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Interlingual interference and memory processes , 1969 .

[18]  R. F. Dillon,et al.  Release from proactive interference in compound and coordinate bilinguals , 1973 .

[19]  Colin M. Macleod.  Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  E. C. Dalrymple-Alford.  Bilingual retrieval from semantic memory , 1984 .

[21]  C. Osgood.  The nature and measurement of meaning. , 1952, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  Hsuan-Chich Chen,et al.  Symbol-word interference in Chinese and English , 1990 .

[23]  E. Soltano,et al.  Repetition blindness and bilingual memory: Token individuation for translation equivalents , 1996, Memory & cognition.

[24]  W. O’neill,et al.  Release from proactive inhibition as a function of a language of pronunciation shift in bilinguals , 1984 .

[25]  R. Harris.  Cognitive processing in bilinguals , 1992 .

[26]  O J Tzeng,et al.  Intralanguage vs. interlanguage Stroop effects in two types of writing systems , 1981, Memory & cognition.

[27]  P. Nelde.  Languages in contact , 1990 .

[28]  J. Y. Opoku.  The Influence of Semantic Cues in Learning Among Bilinguals at Different Levels of Proficiency in English , 1992 .

[29]  K. Kirsner,et al.  The Role of Script and Phonology in Lexical Representation , 1984 .

[30]  Free recall of a mixed language list , 1974 .

[31]  G. Nas,et al.  Visual word recognition in bilinguals: evidence for a cooperation between visual and sound based codes during access to a common lexical store , 1983 .

[32]  Edith Mägiste.  Development of intra- and interlingual interference in bilinguals , 1985 .

[33]  S. Kazarian,et al.  Organizational Factors in Free Recall of Bilingually Mixed Lists. , 1973 .

[34]  P. A. Kolers,et al.  Memory for Words, Synonyms, and Translations. , 1980 .

[35]  P. A. Kolers.  Interlingual facilitation of short-term memory. , 1966 .

[36]  K. Forster,et al.  Translation priming with different scripts: masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[37]  D. Wickens,et al.  Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory , 1963 .

[38]  P. D. Mccormack,et al.  Free recall from unilingual and trilingual lists , 1975 .

[39]  M. C. Smith,et al.  Language and Orthography as Irrelevant Features in Colour-Word and Picture-Word Stroop Interference , 1982, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[40]  F. Grosjean.  Another View of Bilingualism , 1992 .

[41]  Robert G. Rose,et al.  Bilingual Memory for Related and Unrelated Sentences. , 1975 .

[42]  S. J. Popiel,et al.  Bilingual comparative judgments: Evidence against the switch hypothesis , 1987 .

[43]  A. Caramazza,et al.  Semantic classification by bilinguals. , 1980 .

[44]  William L. Hays,et al.  Statistics, 5th ed. , 1994 .

[45]  F. Fazio,et al.  Brain processing of native and foreign languages , 1996, NeuroImage.

[46]  Joseph Tzelgov,et al.  Components of the between-language semantic priming effect , 1992 .

[47]  Paula J. Schwanenflugel,et al.  Interlingual semantic facilitation: Evidence for a common representational system in the bilingual lexicon , 1986 .

[48]  Avishai Henik,et al.  Controlling Stroop interference: Evidence from a bilingual task. , 1990 .

[49]  Joël Pynte,et al.  Semantic representation and surface forms: A look at across-language priming in bilinguals , 1987 .

[50]  M. C. Smith,et al.  On the recruitment of semantic information for word fragment completion: evidence from bilingual priming , 1991 .

[51]  J. Sachs.  Memory in reading and listening to discourse , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[52]  S. Ervin.  Learning and recall in bilinguals. , 1961, The American journal of psychology.

[53]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Modeling semantic memory: Effects of presenting semantic information in different modalities , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[54]  D. Hung,et al.  A Study of Interlingual and Intralingual Stroop Effect in Three Different Scripts: Logograph, Syllabary, and Alphabet , 1992 .

[55]  J. Kroll,et al.  Tutorials in bilingualism : psycholinguistic perspectives , 1999 .

[56]  John A. Spinks,et al.  Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects , 1994, Memory & cognition.

[57]  Michelle D. Miller,et al.  Cross-language facilitation, semantic blindness, and the relation between language and memory: A reply to Altarriba and Soltano , 1996, Memory & cognition.

[58]  G. H. Matthews,et al.  Repetition of Lexicalization across Languages: A Further Test of the Locus of Priming , 1992, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[59]  Paul A. Kolers,et al.  Commentary: On Pictures, Words, and Their Mental Representation. , 1984 .

[60]  J. S. Johnson,et al.  Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language , 1989, Cognitive Psychology.

[61]  J. Kroll,et al.  Matching words to concepts in two languages: A test of the concept mediation model of bilingual representation , 1995, Memory & cognition.

[62]  W. Lambert,et al.  Bilingual interdependencies in auditory perception , 1972 .

[63]  John Barresi,et al.  Memory for concrete and abstract words in bilingual speakers , 1976, Memory & cognition.

[64]  J. Stroop.  Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[65]  T. Blaxton.  Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer-appropriate processing framework. , 1989 .

[66]  G. Murphy,et al.  Forgetting of verbatim information in discourse , 1994, Memory & cognition.

[67]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 1980 .

[68]  Michelle D. Miller,et al.  Semantic Blindness: Repeated Concepts are Difficult to Encode and Recall under Time Pressure , 1994 .

[69]  Elizabeth F Loftus,et al.  Leading questions and the eyewitness report , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[70]  Zehra F. Peyn⌝rc⌝oǧlu,et al.  Part-set cuing across languages: Evidence for both word- and concept-mediated inhibition depending on language dominance , 1988 .

[71]  S. Glucksberg.  Commentary: The functional equivalence of common and multiple codes , 1984 .

[72]  Don L. Scarborough,et al.  Language-specific lexical access of homographs by bilinguals. , 1989 .

[73]  W. Lambert,et al.  Interlingual interference in a bilingual version of the Stroop color-word task. , 1969 .

[74]  A. D. Groot,et al.  Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals , 1991 .

[75]  Michel Paradis,et al.  Language lateralization in bilinguals: Enough already! , 1990, Brain and Language.

[76]  P. D. Mccormack,et al.  Recognition memory for items from unilingual and bilingual lists , 1975 .

[77]  Wendy S. Francis,et al.  Analogical Transfer of Problem Solutions within and between Languages in Spanish-English Bilinguals , 1999 .

[78]  Katherine M. Mathis,et al.  Conceptual and Lexical Development in Second Language Acquisition , 1997 .

[79]  K. Kirsner,et al.  Bilingualism and Lexical Representation , 1980 .

[80]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Left putaminal activation when speaking a second language: evidence from PET. , 1994, Neuroreport.

[81]  M. Watkins,et al.  On the nature of word recall: evidence for linguistic specificity , 1983 .

[82]  M. Potter,et al.  Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals , 1984 .

[83]  L C Ehri,et al.  Performance of bilinguals in a picture-word interference task , 1980, Journal of psycholinguistic research.

[84]  Ward O'Neill,et al.  Bilingual Recognition of Concrete and Abstract Sentences , 1983 .

[85]  W. Batchelder,et al.  The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm , 1994 .

[86]  J. Kroll,et al.  Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations , 1994 .

[87]  J. Sachs.  Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse , 1967 .

[88]  J. Saegert.  Part/Whole Transfer with Bilinguals. , 1973 .

[89]  A. D. Groot.  Bilingual lexical representation : a closer look at conceptual representations , 1992 .

[90]  W. O’neill,et al.  A translation-based generation effect in bilingual recall and recognition , 1993, Memory & cognition.

[91]  Delos D. Wickens,et al.  Proactive interference and language change in short-term memory , 1971 .

[92]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Recognition Memory in Bilingual Subjects. , 1970 .

[93]  Doreen Solin,et al.  The systematic misrepresentation of bilingual-crossed aphasia data and its consequences , 1989, Brain and Language.

[94]  E. Tulving,et al.  Organization of memory. , 1973 .

[95]  Paul A. Kolers,et al.  Interlingual word associations , 1963 .

[96]  Hsuan-Chich Chen,et al.  Development of stroop interference in Chinese-English bilinguals , 1986 .

[97]  Judith F. Kroll,et al.  Lexical and Conceptual Memory in Fluent and Nonfluent Bilinguals , 1992 .

[98]  David M. Riefer,et al.  Multinomial processing models of source monitoring. , 1990 .

[99]  Michael Palmer.  Effects of categorization, degree of bilingualism and language upon recall of select monolinguals and bilinguals. , 1972 .

[100]  Alfonso Caramazza,et al.  Lexical access in bilinguals , 1979 .

[101]  Benny Shanon,et al.  Identification and Classification of Words and Drawings in Two Languages , 1982 .

[102]  J. Kroll,et al.  Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual: mapping form to meaning in two languages , 2020, The Bilingualism Reader.

[103]  Ram Frost,et al.  Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning , 1992 .

[104]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[105]  E. Tulving,et al.  Episodic and semantic memory , 1972 .

[106]  E. C. Dalrymple-Alford,et al.  Word associations of bilinguals , 1970 .

[107]  Donald G. MacKay,et al.  On Producing the Meaning in Sentences , 1969 .

[108]  Endel Tulving,et al.  Free recall of trilingual lists , 1970 .

[109]  B. de Gelder,et al.  The bilingual primed lexical decision task: cross-language priming disappears with speeded responses , 1992 .

[110]  Annette M. B. de Groot,et al.  Word-Type Effects in Bilingual Processing Tasks: Support for a mixed-Representational System , 1993 .

[111]  F. Dyer.  Color-naming interference in monolinguals and bilinguals , 1971 .

[112]  C. Frenck-Mestre,et al.  Language as a factor in the identification of ordinary words and number words , 1992 .

[113]  J. Havelka,et al.  The influence of language-acquisition contexts on bilingualism. , 1958, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[114]  R. K. Young,et al.  Retroactive inhibition with bilinguals. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[115]  Hsuan-Chich Chen,et al.  Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals , 1989, Memory & cognition.

[116]  Don L. Scarborough,et al.  Independence of lexical access in bilingual word recognition , 1984 .

[117]  Colin M. Macleod.  Bilingual episodic memory: Acquisition and forgetting , 1976, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.

[118]  Gail S. Goodman,et al.  Semantic processing of unattended words by bilinguals: A test of the input switch mechanism , 1984 .

[119]  F. Genesee,et al.  Neuropsychological approaches to bilingualism: a critical review. , 1980, Canadian journal of psychology.

[120]  M. Potter,et al.  Repetition blindness: levels of processing. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[121]  Judith F. Kroll,et al.  Accessing Conceptual Representations for Words in a Second Language , 1993 .

[122]  D. Wickens,et al.  Some characteristics of word encoding , 1973, Memory & cognition.

[123]  J. Saegert,et al.  Language tagging in bilingual free recall , 1974 .

[124]  Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics: Vol. 2. Reading, Writing, and Language Learning , 1990 .

[125]  J. Rusted.  Orthographic effects for Chinese-English bilinguals in a picture-word interference task , 1988 .

[126]  N. J. Slamecka,et al.  The generation effect as an artifact of selective displaced rehearsal. , 1987 .

[127]  M. Malakoff.  The effect of language of instruction on reasoning in bilingual children , 1988, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[128]  L. Jacoby.  Remembering the data: analyzing interactive processes in reading , 1983 .

[129]  John N. Williams.  The relationship between word meanings in the first and second language: Evidence for a common, but restricted, semantic code , 1994 .

[130]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[131]  John M. Gardiner,et al.  Generation and priming effects in word-fragment completion. , 1988 .

[132]  Language and category clustering in bilingual free recall , 1969 .

[133]  Catharine W. Keatley.  History of Bilingualism Research in Cognitive Psychology , 1992 .

[134]  Joy Hirsch,et al.  Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages , 1997, Nature.

[135]  J. Gentile,et al.  A Test of Dual Coding Theory for Bilingual Memory , 1986 .

[136]  C. Davis,et al.  Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate/non-cognate distinction , 1992 .

[137]  J. Shaw,et al.  Cross-language postevent misinformation effects in Spanish–English bilingual witnesses. , 1997 .

[138]  Wallace E. Lambert,et al.  Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall. , 1988 .

[139]  Alain Desrochers,et al.  A dual-coding approach to bilingual memory. , 1980 .

[140]  J. L. Rogers,et al.  Using significance tests to evaluate equivalence between two experimental groups. , 1993, Psychological bulletin.

[141]  S. Mendelsohn.  Language lateralization in bilinguals: Facts and fantasy , 1988, Journal of Neurolinguistics.

[142]  E. Fox,et al.  Cross-Language Priming from Ignored Words: Evidence for a Common Representational System in Bilinguals☆ , 1996 .

[143]  Colin M. Macleod,et al.  Priming Patterns Are Different in Masked Word Identification and Word Fragment Completion , 1997 .

[144]  Z. Peynircioǧlu,et al.  Effects of a Bilingual Context on Memory Performance , 1993 .

[145]  J. Grainger,et al.  Language blocking and lexical access in bilinguals , 1987 .

[146]  Edith Mägiste,et al.  Stroop tasks and dichotic translation: The development of interference patterns in bilinguals. , 1984 .

[147]  R. K. Young,et al.  The linguistic interdependence of bilinguals , 1974 .

[148]  R. E. Hicks,et al.  Retroactive inhibition in a bilingual A-B, A-B' paradigm , 1974 .

[149]  Jeanette Altarriba,et al.  The representation of translation equivalents in bilingual memory , 1992 .

[150]  H. Roediger,et al.  Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect , 1987, Memory & cognition.

[151]  J. Kroll,et al.  Transfer Between Picture Naming and Translation: A Test of Asymmetries in Bilingual Memory , 1995 .

[152]  Jyotsna Vaid.  Bilingual memory representation: A further test of dual coding theory. , 1988 .

[153]  Ehab Abunuwara,et al.  The structure of the trilingual lexicon , 1992 .

[154]  Kim Kirsner,et al.  Bilingual Lexical Representation: The Status of Spanish-English Cognates , 1986 .

[155]  Y. Jin,et al.  Effects of Concreteness on Cross-Language Priming in Lexical Decisions , 1990 .

[156]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Test differences in accessing bilingual memory , 1987 .

[157]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language , 1997, Neuroreport.

[158]  N. Kanwisher.  Repetition blindness: Type recognition without token individuation , 1987, Cognition.

[159]  W. Lambert,et al.  Free recall of bilinguals , 1968 .

[160]  E. C. Dalrymple-Alford.  Interlingual interference in a color-naming task , 1968 .

[161]  François Grosjean,et al.  Life with Two Languages , 2019, A Journey in Languages and Cultures.

[162]  Barry McLaughlin,et al.  Bilingual Memory Revisited , 1992 .

[163]  Robert Schreuder,et al.  The Bilingual lexicon , 1993 .