Bacterial cellulose-based materials and medical devices: current state and perspectives

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a unique and promising material for use as implants and scaffolds in tissue engineering. It is composed of a pure cellulose nanofiber mesh spun by bacteria. It is remarkable for its strength and its ability to be engineered structurally and chemically at nano-, micro-, and macroscales. Its high water content and purity make the material biocompatible for multiple medical applications. Its biocompatibility, mechanical strength, chemical and morphologic controllability make it a natural choice for use in the body in biomedical devices with broader application than has yet been utilized. This paper reviews the current state of understanding of bacterial cellulose, known methods for controlling its physical and chemical structure (e.g., porosity, fiber alignment, etc.), biomedical applications for which it is currently being used, or investigated for use, challenges yet to be overcome, and future possibilities for BC.

[1]  T. Hurme,et al.  Biocompatibility of Cellulose Sponge with Bone , 1998, European Surgical Research.

[2]  Keith R.F. Elliott,et al.  Biochemistry, 3rd edn , 1990 .

[3]  K. Nguyen,et al.  A review of materials, fabrication methods, and strategies used to enhance bone regeneration in engineered bone tissues. , 2008, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[4]  W. Wan,et al.  The polyvinyl alcohol-bacterial cellulose system as a new nanocomposite for biomedical applications. , 2006, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[5]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  In vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. , 2006, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[6]  J. Evêncio Neto,et al.  Biomechanical evaluation of microbial cellulose (Zoogloea sp.) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes as implants in repair of produced abdominal wall defects in rats. , 2008, Acta cirurgica brasileira.

[7]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[8]  Chuan Gao,et al.  Proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells on hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposite scaffolds. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[9]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Influence of cultivation conditions on mechanical and morphological properties of bacterial cellulose tubes , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[10]  Yoshihito Osada,et al.  Biodegradation of high-toughness double network hydrogels as potential materials for artificial cartilage. , 2007, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[11]  R. Brown,et al.  Microbial cellulose--the natural power to heal wounds. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[12]  Sudhir K. Bowry,et al.  Synthetically modified cellulose (SMC): a cellulosic hemodialysis membrane with minimized complement activation. , 1998, ASAIO journal.

[13]  V. Volkov,et al.  Network Model of Acetobacter Xylinum Cellulose Intercalated by Drug Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[14]  Guang Yang,et al.  Bio-Fabrication of Patterned Cellulose Nano-Fibers , 2008 .

[15]  A. Gandini,et al.  Highly hydrophobic biopolymers prepared by the surface pentafluorobenzoylation of cellulose substrates. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[16]  A. Atala,et al.  Tissue-engineered conduit using urine-derived stem cells seeded bacterial cellulose polymer in urinary reconstruction and diversion. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[17]  Marek Kawecki,et al.  The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[18]  Claudia J Rawn,et al.  Biomimetic synthesis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in a natural hydrogel. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[19]  J. Wong,et al.  Mechanical characterization of cellulosic thecal plates in dinoflagellates by nanoindentation. , 2007, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[20]  R Mayer,et al.  Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria. , 1991, Microbiological reviews.

[21]  D. Klemm,et al.  Nanocellulose Polymer Composites as Innovative Pool for (Bio)Material Development , 2006 .

[22]  I. Shih.  Microbial exo-polysaccharides for biomedical applications. , 2010, Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry.

[23]  Wojciech Czaja,et al.  Structural investigations of microbial cellulose produced in stationary and agitated culture , 2004 .

[24]  Younes Messaddeq,et al.  Self-supported silver nanoparticles containing bacterial cellulose membranes , 2008 .

[25]  J. Gong,et al.  Production of Bacterial Cellulose with Well Oriented Fibril on PDMS Substrate , 2008 .

[26]  P Ducheyne,et al.  Bioactive ceramics: the effect of surface reactivity on bone formation and bone cell function. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[27]  Jaan Hong,et al.  An in vitro study of blood compatibility of vascular grafts made of bacterial cellulose in comparison with conventionally-used graft materials. , 2011, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[28]  M. Gidley,et al.  Potential of a nisin-containing bacterial cellulose film to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes on processed meats. , 2008, Food microbiology.

[29]  Florin Tache,et al.  Effect of electron beam irradiation on bacterial cellulose membranes used as transdermal drug delivery systems , 2007 .

[30]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Renewable Material for Biomedical Applications , 2010 .

[31]  Younes Messaddeq,et al.  Thermal behavior of cellulose acetate produced from homogeneous acetylation of bacterial cellulose , 2008 .

[32]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Engineering microporosity in bacterial cellulose scaffolds , 2008, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[33]  Y. Uraki,et al.  Honeycomb-like architecture produced by living bacteria, Gluconacetobacter xylinus , 2007 .

[34]  In-Yong Kim,et al.  Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications. , 2008, Biotechnology advances.

[35]  J. Gong,et al.  Tubular bacterial cellulose gel with oriented fibrils on the curved surface , 2008 .

[36]  Thorsten Wahlers,et al.  Artificial vascular implants from bacterial cellulose: preliminary results of small arterial substitutes , 2009 .

[37]  Kunihiko Watanabe,et al.  Structural Features and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Produced in Agitated Culture , 1998 .

[38]  Dieter Klemm,et al.  Bacterial synthesized cellulose — artificial blood vessels for microsurgery , 2001 .

[39]  P. Vasudevan,et al.  Potential biosoluble carriers: biocompatibility and biodegradability of oxidized cellulose. , 1979, Biomaterials, medical devices, and artificial organs.

[40]  Regina Vasconcellos Antônio,et al.  Template assisted synthesis of porous nanofibrous cellulose membranes for tissue engineering , 2008 .

[41]  Taous Khan,et al.  Production of bacterial cellulose by Gluconacetobacter hansenii using a novel bioreactor equipped with a spin filter , 2007 .

[42]  J. Albes,et al.  Preliminary results of small arterial substitutes performed with a new cylindrical biomaterial composed of bacterial cellulose , 2008 .

[43]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant , 2007, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[44]  N. Hoenich.  CELLULOSE FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE , 2006 .

[45]  R. Bareille,et al.  Development of a resorbable macroporous cellulosic material used as hemostatic in an osseous environment. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[46]  Effect of sodium hydroxide treatment of bacterial cellulose on cellulase activity , 2008 .

[47]  P. Gatenholm,et al.  Electromagnetically Controlled Biological Assembly of Aligned Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers , 2010, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[48]  A. Acco,et al.  MEMBRANA BIOLÓGICA (Biofill ) - ESTUDO COMPARATIVO COM OUTROS AGENTES PROMOTORES DA CICATRIZAÇÃO DA PELE EM SUÍNOS: ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS, HISTOPATOLÓGICOS E MORFOMÉTRICOS , 1998 .

[49]  I. O. Smith,et al.  MC3T3-E1 osteoblast attachment and proliferation on porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated with nanophase powder , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[50]  George K Stylios,et al.  Present status and future potential of enhancing bone healing using nanotechnology. , 2007, Injury.

[51]  Y. Hishikawa,et al.  Biodirected epitaxial nanodeposition of polymers on oriented macromolecular templates , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  Jian Li,et al.  Preparation and characterization of 2,3-dialdehyde bacterial cellulose for potential biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds , 2009 .

[53]  M. Alexander,et al.  Controlling cell morphology on amino acid-modified cellulose. , 2008, Soft matter.

[54]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Cellulose and wood: Chemistry and technology , 1991 .

[55]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[56]  G. Aguiari,et al.  Effects of a Hydroxyapatite-based Biomaterial on Gene Expression in Osteoblast-like Cells , 2006, Journal of dental research.

[57]  Gennady B. Khomutov,et al.  Nanomaterials for application in medicine and biology , 2008 .

[58]  Katsutoshi Inoue,et al.  Preparation of phosphorylated bacterial cellulose as an adsorbent for metal ions , 2008 .

[59]  P Laippala,et al.  Is cellulose sponge degradable or stable as implantation material? An in vivo subcutaneous study in the rat. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[60]  Y Noishiki,et al.  Tissue biocompatibility of cellulose and its derivatives. , 1989, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[61]  P. Laippala,et al.  Connective Tissue Formation in Subcutaneous Cellulose Sponge Implants in the Rat , 1998, European Surgical Research.

[62]  Dietmar Werner Hutmacher,et al.  State of the art and future directions of scaffold‐based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective , 2007, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[63]  J. D. Fontana,et al.  Acetobacter cellulose pellicle as a temporary skin substitute , 1990, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[64]  D. Klemm,et al.  Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[65]  P. Gatenholm,et al.  Intravital fluorescent microscopic evaluation of bacterial cellulose as scaffold for vascular grafts. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[66]  J. Evêncio Neto,et al.  Incorporation by host tissue of two biomaterials used as repair of defects produced in abdominal wall of rats. , 2008, Acta cirurgica brasileira.

[67]  Huipin Yuan,et al.  3D microenvironment as essential element for osteoinduction by biomaterials. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[68]  Dieter Klemm,et al.  Nanocelluloses as Innovative Polymers in Research and Application , 2006 .

[69]  R. Bizios,et al.  Human mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation in response to ceramic chemistry and nanoscale topography. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[70]  Y. Huang,et al.  Biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications , 2007 .

[71]  Paul Gatenholm,et al.  Modification of nanocellulose with a xyloglucan-RGD conjugate enhances adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells: implications for tissue engineering. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.