Modern methods of underwater positioning applied in subsea mining

Underwater positioning is inextricably linked with Marine Mining and so called Offshore Mining and has equal importance with surface positioning with GNSS as main system. It is essential in almost all the phases of offshore hydrocarbon industry, from exploration, drilling, engineering and construction to the monitoring and maintenance of production systems. Underwater absolute or relative position is being utilized in different kinds of survey, navigation systems, in real time [3]. Applications are common and relatively widespread in what is essentially a specialized area like: