Wybrane markery nowotworowe w rutynowej diagnostyce raka endometrium i szyjki macicy Selected tumor markers in the routine diagnosis of endometrial and cervical cancer

Rak endometrium wystepuje w wiekszości u kobiet po menopauzie, a szczyt zachorowan przypada na wiek 55–65 lat. Obserwuje sie takze zwiekszającą sie liczbe mlodych kobiet w okresie reprodukcyjnym zapadających na te chorobe. Pod wzgledem zapadalności na nowotwory zlośliwe u kobiet w Polsce rak endometrium znajduje sie na szostym miejscu. Rak szyjki macicy jest najczestszym nowotworem zlośliwym narządu rodnego, zajmuje drugie miejsce pod wzgledem wystepowania u kobiet. W Polsce rak szyjki macicy stanowi ok. 7,7% wszystkich nowotworow zlośliwych u kobiet. Najczestsze zgony wystepują w grupach wiekowych 45–49 i 65–74 lat. Zarowno rak endometrium, jak i szyjki macicy cechują sie duzą umieralnością, dlatego poszukuje sie nowych metod diagnostycznych i nowych markerow nowotworowych umozliwiających wcześniejsze rozpoznanie nowotworu. Markery nowotworowe definiowane są jako wysokocząsteczkowe substancje obecne we krwi lub moczu bądź związane z powierzchnią komorek nowotworowych. Markery nowotworowe odgrywają wazną role w diagnostyce nowotworow. W rutynowej diagnostyce raka endometrium i szyjki macicy zastosowanie znalazlo wiele markerow, np. antygen nowotworowy (carcinoma antigen – CA) 125, antygen raka plaskonablonkowego (squamous cell carcinoma antigen – SCC-Ag), tkankowy polipeptydowy antygen (tissue polypeptide antigen – TPA), tkankowy swoisty polipeptydowy antygen (tissue polypeptyde specific antigen – TPS) oraz CYFRA 21-1, a takze naczyniowy czynnik wzrostu (vascular endothelial growth factor – VEGF), czynnik stymulujący kolonie granulocytarne (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor – G-CSF) i czynnik stymulujący kolonie makrofagowe (macrophage-colony stimulating factor – M-CSF). Poszukuje sie jednak ciągle nowych związkow chemicznych przydatnych we wczesnej diagnostyce, monitorowaniu leczenia oraz w wykrywaniu wznowy nowotworow endometrium i szyjki macicy. Slowa kluczowe: rak szyjki macicy, rak endometrium, markery nowotworowe. Summary Endometrial cancer occurs mostly in postmenopausal women with the peak incidence at the age of 55-65. An increasing number of young women in the reproductive age catching the disease is also observed. In terms of the incidence of cancer in women, endometrial cancer in Poland ranks sixth. Cervical carcinoma is the most frequent disease of the reproductive organ and is the second most common cancer in women. In Poland, cervical carcinoma accounts for about 7.7% of all malignancies in women. The most common deaths occur in the age groups of 45-49 and 65-74 years. Both endometrial cancer and cervical carcinoma have a high mortality, and therefore new methods of diagnosis and new tumor markers that enable earlier diagnosis of cancer are searched. Tumor markers are substances that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some patients with certain types of cancer. Tumor markers play an important role in the diagnosis of cancer. In the routine diagnosis of endometrial and cervical cancer, a lot of markers are applied such as CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) and CYFRA 21-1, and vascular growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-SCF) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-SCF). However, new chemical compounds useful in early diagnosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of endometrial cancer and cervical carcinoma are constantly looked for.

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