Role, Epidemiology, and Natural History of Benign Uterine Mass Lesions

IntroductionBoth major tissue types of the uterine corpus-the endometrium and the myometrium-can develop nonmalignant mass lesions, especially during a woman's fertile years. Endometrial polyps, consisting of endometrial glands, fibrotic stroma, and central thick-walled vascular channels, protru

[1]  Elettra Pignotti,et al.  Histopathologic features and risk factors for benignity, hyperplasia, and cancer in endometrial polyps. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[2]  A. Lethaby,et al.  Fibroids (uterine myomatosis, leiomyomas). , 2004, Clinical evidence.

[3]  Scott Rb The elusive endometrial polyp. , 1953 .

[4]  R. L. Faulkner The blood vessels of the myomatous uterus , 1944 .

[5]  K. Hirschhorn,et al.  Molecular cytogenetic analysis of uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma by comparative genomic hybridization. , 2000, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[6]  Benign Gynecologic Lesions , 2007 .

[7]  H. Ryu,et al.  High frequency of endometrial polyps in endometriosis. , 2003, The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists.

[8]  A. Akkad,et al.  Abnormal Uterine Bleeding on Hormone Replacement: The Importance of Intrauterine Structural Abnormalities , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[9]  I. Nofroni,et al.  Hysteroscopic findings in postmenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding: a comparison between HRT users and non-users. , 2002, Maturitas.

[10]  M. Moorehead,et al.  Uterine Leiomyoma , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[11]  V. S. Ablakulova [Endometrial polyps]. , 1987, Akusherstvo i ginekologiia.

[12]  P. Cin,et al.  HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) Immunoreactivity Correlates with Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Lipomas, Pulmonary Chondroid Hamartomas, Endometrial Polyps, and Uterine Leiomyomas and is Compatible with Rearrangement of the HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) Genes , 2000, Laboratory Investigation.

[13]  P. D. Dal Cin,et al.  Four cytogenetic subgroups can be identified in endometrial polyps. , 1995, Cancer research.

[14]  J. Manson,et al.  Risk of Uterine Leiomyomata among Premenopausal Women in Relation to Body Size and Cigarette Smoking , 1998, Epidemiology.

[15]  H. Maia,et al.  Proliferation profile of endometrial polyps in post-menopausal women. , 2001, Maturitas.

[16]  J. Manson,et al.  A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata. , 1998, Fertility and sterility.

[17]  B. V. Van Voorhis,et al.  Sonohysterography in premenopausal women with and without abnormal bleeding. , 1999, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[18]  P. Vercellini,et al.  Uterine leiomyoma and menstrual cycle characteristics in a population-based cohort study. , 2004, Human reproduction.

[19]  R. Frydman,et al.  Uterine evaluation by microhysteroscopy in IVF candidates. , 1987, Human reproduction.

[20]  M. Keltz,et al.  Pregnancy rates after hysteroscopic polypectomy and myomectomy in infertile women. , 1999, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[21]  P. Seinera,et al.  Hysteroscopy in an Ivf‐Er Program: Clinical experience with 360 infertile patients , 1988, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[22]  E. Wallach,et al.  Uterine leiomyomata: etiology, symptomatology, and management. , 1981, Fertility and sterility.

[23]  M. Gonen,et al.  Sonohysterography compared with endometrial biopsy for evaluation of the endometrium in tamoxifen-treated women. , 2004, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[24]  K. Kodama,et al.  Prevalence of uterine myoma detected by ultrasound examination in the atomic bomb survivors. , 1997, Radiation research.

[25]  N. Abusheikha,et al.  The Effect of Endometrial Polyps on Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Cycles , 1999, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics.

[26]  L. V. van Bogaert Clinicopathologic Findings in Endometrial Polyps , 1988, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[27]  J. Donnez,et al.  What are the implications of myomas on fertility? A need for a debate? , 2002, Human reproduction.

[28]  A. Patel,et al.  The frequency of uterine leiomyomas. , 1990, American journal of clinical pathology.

[29]  C. Borgfeldt,et al.  Transvaginal ultrasonographic findings in the uterus and the endometrium: Low prevalence of leiomyoma in a random sample of women age 25–40 years , 2000, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[30]  P. Anastasiadis,et al.  Endometrial polyps: prevalence, detection, and malignant potential in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. , 2000, European journal of gynaecological oncology.

[31]  J. Tošner,et al.  Endometrial polyps. A clinical study of 245 cases. , 1999, Archives of gynecology and obstetrics.

[32]  S. Reed,et al.  Postmenopausal estrogen and progestogen therapy and the risk of uterine leiomyomas , 2004, Menopause.

[33]  J. Bar,et al.  Endometrial polyps during menopause, characterization and significance , 1999, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[34]  W. V. D. Van de Ven,et al.  An endometrial polyp with a rearrangement of HMGI-C underlying a complex cytogenetic rearrangement involving chromosomes 2 and 12. , 1996, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[35]  C. Syrop,et al.  Transvaginal sonographic detection of endometrial polyps with fluid contrast augmentation. , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[36]  David B Dunson,et al.  High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[37]  D. Spiegelman,et al.  Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[38]  M. Szklo,et al.  Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. I. African-American heritage, reproductive history, body size, and smoking. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[39]  Irva Hertz-Picciotto,et al.  Self‐Reported Heavy Bleeding Associated With Uterine Leiomyomata , 2003, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[40]  C. Morton,et al.  Leiomyomata: heritability and cytogenetic studies. , 2001, Human reproduction update.

[41]  J. Manson,et al.  Variation in the Incidence of Uterine Leiomyoma Among Premenopausal Women by Age and Race , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[42]  R. Demopoulos,et al.  Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in endometrial polyps. , 1996, International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.

[43]  W. C. Ang,et al.  Effect of hormone replacement therapies and selective estrogen receptor modulators in postmenopausal women with uterine leiomyomas:a literature review , 2001, Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society.

[44]  M. Perola,et al.  Heritability and risk factors of uterine fibroids--the Finnish Twin Cohort study. , 2000, Maturitas.

[45]  R. Campo,et al.  Hysteroscopic findings in patients with a cervical polyp. , 1993, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[46]  E. Stewart,et al.  Leiomyoma-related bleeding: a classic hypothesis updated for the molecular era. , 1996, Human reproduction update.

[47]  L. Bronz,et al.  The value of transvaginal sonography with and without saline instillation in the diagnosis of uterine pathology in pre‐ and postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding or suspect sonographic findings , 1997, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[48]  E. Wallach,et al.  Uterine Myomas: An Overview of Development, Clinical Features, and Management , 2004, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[49]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Uterine cavity findings and hysteroscopic interventions in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer who repeatedly cannot conceive. , 2003, Fertility and sterility.

[50]  F. al-Azzawi,et al.  Endometrial protection from tamoxifen-stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: a randomised controlled trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[51]  S. Duffy,et al.  The differential expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Bcl‐2 and Ki67 in endometrial polyps , 2003, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[52]  M. Szklo,et al.  Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. II. Atherogenic risk factors and potential sources of uterine irritation. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[53]  B. V. Van Voorhis,et al.  Family history as a risk factor for development of uterine leiomyomas. Results of a pilot study. , 2002, Journal of reproductive medicine.

[54]  S. M. Schwartz,et al.  Epidemiology of uterine leiomyomata. , 2001, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[55]  William A. Davis,et al.  Natural History of Uterine Polyps and Leiomyomata , 2002, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[56]  N. Martin,et al.  Pathways to hysterectomy: insights from longitudinal twin research. , 1992, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[57]  L. Tang,et al.  Findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding investigated with hysteroscopy. , 2001, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

[58]  Marc Saez,et al.  Time‐Series Analysis of Air Pollution and Cause Specific Mortality , 1998, Epidemiology.

[59]  J. Sullivan,et al.  Breast carcinoma metastatic to endometrial polyp. , 1990, Gynecologic oncology.

[60]  L. Elmore,et al.  Expression of c-kit (CD117) in benign and malignant human endometrial epithelium. , 2001, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[61]  M. Tarbit,et al.  Venous Changes in the Endometrium of Myomatous Uteri , 1971, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[62]  D. Stovall Clinical Symptomatology of Uterine Leiomyomas , 2001, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[63]  I. Timor-Tritsch,et al.  Evaluation of endometrial polyps. , 2002, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[64]  S. Goldstein,et al.  Ultrasonography-based triage for perimenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. , 1997, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[65]  J. Wactawski‐Wende,et al.  Risk factors for uterine fibroids among women undergoing tubal sterilization. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.