Dielectrophoresis based‐cell patterning for tissue engineering

Engineering functional tissues and organs in vitro is considered integral to regenerative medicine. Many recent cell patterning technique developments position cells at a pre‐designated pattern to improve tissue engineering efficiency and quality and to facilitate 3‐D cell‐cell interaction exploration. Among these techniques, dielectrophoresis (DEP)‐based cell patterning advantageously offers speed, ease of operation, low degree of cell damage, and precision. This article reviews recent advances in DEP‐based patterning techniques, including electrode design, suitable buffer and hydrogel, effects of the electric current to cells, combination potential with other techniques, as well as efforts to generate 3‐D tissues.

[1]  Joseph P Vacanti,et al.  An Overview of the Pathology and Approaches to Tissue Engineering , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[2]  V. Yadavalli,et al.  Fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures using photolithography. , 2001, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[3]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Micropatterned cell co-cultures using layer-by-layer deposition of extracellular matrix components. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[4]  H. Bannasch,et al.  Skin tissue engineering. , 2003, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[5]  U. Zimmermann,et al.  Effect of medium conductivity and composition on the uptake of propidium iodide into electropermeabilized myeloma cells. , 1996, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[6]  Tomokazu Matsue,et al.  Rapid micropatterning of living cells by repulsive dielectrophoretic force , 1997 .

[7]  D E Ingber,et al.  Using microcontact printing to pattern the attachment of mammalian cells to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on transparent films of gold and silver. , 1997, Experimental cell research.

[8]  B. Angst,et al.  COMMENTARY The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function , 2022 .

[9]  Paschalis Alexandridis,et al.  One‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional organization of colloidal particles using nonuniform alternating current electric fields , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[10]  R. Tsai,et al.  Reconstruction of damaged corneas by transplantation of autologous limbal epithelial cells. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  U. Zimmermann,et al.  Electric Field Pulses Can Induce Apoptosis , 1999, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[12]  M. Swiontkowski,et al.  Bone-graft substitutes , 1999, The Lancet.

[13]  W Cris Wilson,et al.  Cell and organ printing 1: protein and cell printers. , 2003, The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology.

[14]  Robert L Sah,et al.  Photo-and Electropatterning of Hydrogel-encapsulated Living Cell Arrays , 2004 .

[15]  M L Yarmush,et al.  Controlling cell interactions by micropatterning in co-cultures: hepatocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts. , 1997, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[16]  L. McIntire,et al.  Therapeutic neovascularization: contributions from bioengineering. , 2005, Tissue engineering.

[17]  Dongqing Li,et al.  DC-dielectrophoretic separation of microparticles using an oil droplet obstacle. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[18]  Mitsuo Umezu,et al.  The use of patterned dual thermoresponsive surfaces for the collective recovery as co-cultured cell sheets. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[19]  S. Britland,et al.  Cell reactions to dielectrophoretic manipulation. , 1999, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[20]  E Marani,et al.  Viability of dielectrophoretically trapped neural cortical cells in culture , 2001, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[21]  Paul H. Bessette,et al.  Marker-specific sorting of rare cells using dielectrophoresis. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  Thomas Boland,et al.  Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. , 2004, Tissue engineering.

[23]  U. Zimmermann,et al.  The Effect of Electrical Deformation Forces on the Electropermeabilization of Erythrocyte Membranes in Low- and High-Conductivity Media , 1998, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[24]  K R Foster,et al.  Dielectrophoretic forces and potentials induced on pairs of cells in an electric field. , 1995, Biophysical journal.

[25]  Peter R C Gascoyne,et al.  Dielectrophoresis-based programmable fluidic processors. , 2004, Lab on a chip.

[26]  Nicolas Kalogerakis,et al.  Dielectrophoretic forces can be safely used to retain viable cells in perfusion cultures of animal cells , 1999, Cytotechnology.

[27]  Robert L Sah,et al.  Geometric and material determinants of patterning efficiency by dielectrophoresis. , 2004, Biophysical journal.

[28]  H. Knapp,et al.  Fast immobilization of probe beads by dielectrophoresis‐controlled adhesion in a versatile microfluidic platform for affinity assay , 2005, Electrophoresis.

[29]  Cheng-Hsien Liu,et al.  Rapid heterogeneous liver-cell on-chip patterning via the enhanced field-induced dielectrophoresis trap. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[30]  Gary Friedman,et al.  Programmable assembly of colloidal particles using magnetic microwell templates. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[31]  Christopher S. Chen,et al.  Assembly of multicellular constructs and microarrays of cells using magnetic nanowires. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[32]  L. Griffith,et al.  Tissue Engineering--Current Challenges and Expanding Opportunities , 2002, Science.

[33]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  Sungyoung Choi,et al.  Microfluidic system for dielectrophoretic separation based on a trapezoidal electrode array. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[35]  K. Kaler,et al.  Continuous dielectrophoretic separation of cell mixtures , 1979, Cell Biophysics.

[36]  Joseph P Vacanti,et al.  Hepatic tissue engineering. , 2004, Transplant immunology.

[37]  Hsueh-Chia Chang,et al.  Manipulation and characterization of red blood cells with alternating current fields in microdevices , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[38]  Raphael C. Lee,et al.  Reorganization of microfilament structure induced by ac electric fields , 1996, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[39]  A. Ashkin,et al.  Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams , 1987, Nature.

[40]  Y. Huang,et al.  Cell separation by dielectrophoretic field-flow-fractionation. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  J. Vacanti,et al.  Tissue engineering : Frontiers in biotechnology , 1993 .

[42]  Hakho Lee,et al.  Manipulation of biological cells using a microelectromagnet matrix , 2004 .

[43]  Ming C. Wu,et al.  Massively parallel manipulation of single cells and microparticles using optical images , 2005, Nature.

[44]  X. Wang,et al.  Role of peroxide in AC electrical field exposure effects on friend murine erythroleukemia cells during dielectrophoretic manipulations. , 1999, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[45]  Robert L Sah,et al.  Probing the role of multicellular organization in three-dimensional microenvironments , 2006, Nature Methods.

[46]  T. Okano,et al.  Functional human corneal endothelial cell sheets harvested from temperature‐responsive culture surfaces , 2006, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[47]  G M Whitesides,et al.  Biological surface engineering: a simple system for cell pattern formation. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[48]  A. Emons,et al.  Boekbespreking: Molecular biology of the cell, B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Robers, D.J. Watson. Garland Publ., New York. 1989. , 1990 .

[49]  Peter R C Gascoyne,et al.  Dielectrophoretic segregation of different human cell types on microscope slides. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned deposition of cells and proteins onto surfaces by using three-dimensional microfluidic systems. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  D Miklavcic,et al.  The influence of medium conductivity on electropermeabilization and survival of cells in vitro. , 2001, Bioelectrochemistry.

[52]  Alexander M Seifalian,et al.  The roles of tissue engineering and vascularisation in the development of micro-vascular networks: a review. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[53]  Thomas B. Jones,et al.  Electromechanics of Particles , 1995 .

[54]  Tomoyuki Yasukawa,et al.  Dielectrophoretic micropatterning with microparticle monolayers covalently linked to glass surfaces. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[55]  P. Gascoyne,et al.  Particle separation by dielectrophoresis , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[56]  H Morgan,et al.  Manipulation and trapping of sub-micron bioparticles using dielectrophoresis. , 1997, Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods.

[57]  Ivan Martin,et al.  Cartilage tissue engineering for degenerative joint disease. , 2006, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[58]  Hwan-You Chang,et al.  Dynamic analysis of hepatoma spheroid formation: roles of E-cadherin and β1-integrin , 2006, Cell and Tissue Research.

[59]  Burçak Alp,et al.  Building structured biomaterials using AC electrokinetics. , 2003, IEEE engineering in medicine and biology magazine : the quarterly magazine of the Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society.

[60]  Peter R. C. Gascoyne,et al.  A theoretical method of electrical field analysis for dielectrophoretic electrode arrays using Green's theorem , 1996 .

[61]  Wenjun Guo,et al.  Integrin signalling during tumour progression , 2004, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[62]  S. L. Grimes,et al.  The future of clinical engineering: the challenge of change , 2003 .

[63]  Mala L. Radhakrishnan,et al.  Manipulation of magnetic microbeads in suspension using micromagnetic systems fabricated with soft lithography , 2001 .

[64]  Teruo Okano,et al.  Nanostructured designs of biomedical materials: applications of cell sheet engineering to functional regenerative tissues and organs. , 2005, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[65]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Layer-by-layer deposition of hyaluronic acid and poly-L-lysine for patterned cell co-cultures. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[66]  Mehmet Toner,et al.  A microfabrication-based dynamic array cytometer. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[67]  Anthony Atala,et al.  De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[68]  F F Becker,et al.  Dielectrophoretic manipulation of cells with spiral electrodes. , 1997, Biophysical journal.

[69]  Vladimir Mironov,et al.  Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[70]  D. Grier.  A revolution in optical manipulation , 2003, Nature.

[71]  G. Fuhr,et al.  Cultivation of cells under strong ac-electric field—differentiation between heating and trans-membrane potential effects , 1998 .

[72]  M. Ozkan,et al.  Electro-optical platform for the manipulation of live cells , 2003 .

[73]  Guangxin Xiang,et al.  Negative Dielectrophoretic Force Assisted Construction of Ordered Neuronal Networks on Cell Positioning Bioelectronic Chips , 2004, Biomedical microdevices.

[74]  Linda G Griffith,et al.  Emerging Design Principles in Biomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[75]  Y. Nahmias,et al.  Laser-guided direct writing for three-dimensional tissue engineering. , 2005, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[76]  J Marler,et al.  Transplantation of cells in matrices for tissue regeneration. , 1998, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[77]  Michael P. Hughes,et al.  Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology , 2002 .

[78]  J. Voldman,et al.  Dielectrophoretic registration of living cells to a microelectrode array. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[79]  Joel Voldman,et al.  Quantitative modeling of dielectrophoretic traps. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[80]  Helene Andersson,et al.  Microfabrication and microfluidics for tissue engineering: state of the art and future opportunities. , 2004, Lab on a chip.

[81]  G. Fuhr,et al.  Cell manipulation and cultivation under a.c. electric field influence in highly conductive culture media. , 1994, Biochimica et biophysica acta.