A critical review of voltage and reactive power management of wind farms

Wind generation is currently the major form of new renewable, generation in the world. The wind power is totally dependent on wind flow, due to randomness and uncertainty of wind flow, the wind power generation is quite fluctuating in nature and large scale wind farms may cause significant impact to the power system safety, quality and stability. The active power mainly depends upon the potential of the wind power produced and wind turbine generator design. The reactive power demand on the other hand depends upon conversion devices and recovered power quality fed to the grid. The wind farms which accesses to power grid cause fluctuations and reactive power redistribution and sometimes lead to voltage collapse. Similarly, the dynamic voltage stability is a major challenge faced by distribution network operators. The easy solution comes into picture is to install reactive power source devices with optimization of the existing assets to deliver enhanced reactive power to the grid. With solution to reliability, voltage regulation, reactive power requirements, grid integration problems, weak grid interconnection, off grid wind power generation and its integration to power grid, wind power penetration in distribution grid, wind power uncertainty, flicker and harmonics etc. The categorization of issue considered the goal of our work is the reactive power management of wind farm in most technical and economical way without compromising quality power system voltage, and considering the wind turbine technology for already commissioned wind farm, and change in WT technology in present scenario. More than 100 research publications on voltage and reactive power control of wind farms, extending from year 2003 to 2013 have been critically examined, classified and listed for quick reference.

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[37]  J.A. Diaz de Leon,et al.  The Value of Dynamic VARs to Allow a Wind Farm to Meet a Utility's Interconnection Requirements , 2006, 2005/2006 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition.

[38]  Dongmei Zhao,et al.  Research on the Wind Farm Reactive Power Compensation Capacity and Control Target , 2011, 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[39]  Ghadir Radman,et al.  Optimum reactive power compensation regime for radial connected wind turbines , 2011, 2011 Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon.

[40]  Ian A. Hiskens,et al.  Wind farm reactive support and voltage control , 2010, 2010 IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VIII (IREP).

[41]  Wu Yanjuan,et al.  Installation SVC to improve output active power of large-scale wind farm based on the transient stability , 2012, 2012 Power Engineering and Automation Conference.

[42]  P. Sreekala,et al.  Grid power quality improvement and battery energy storage in wind energy systems , 2013, 2013 Annual International Conference on Emerging Research Areas and 2013 International Conference on Microelectronics, Communications and Renewable Energy.

[43]  G. Joos,et al.  A Secondary Voltage Control Strategy for Transmission Level Interconnection of Wind Generation , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[44]  Mostafa Eidiani,et al.  Reactive Power Compensation in Order to Improve Static Voltage Stability in a Network with Wind Generation , 2009, 2009 Second International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering.

[45]  U. K. Madawala,et al.  A cascade multilevel STATCOM for wind generation systems , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS).

[46]  Paul Puleston,et al.  Active and Reactive Power Control for Wind Turbine Based on a MIMO 2-Sliding Mode Algorithm With Variable Gains , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[47]  Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui,et al.  Reactive power compensation for integration of wind power in a distribution network , 2012, 2012 IEEE 5th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE).

[48]  M G Molina,et al.  Power Flow Stabilization and Control of Microgrid with Wind Generation by Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[49]  Nicolae Cristian Sintamarean,et al.  Control of a three-level converter for power quality improvement in wind power plants , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[50]  C. K. Michael Tse,et al.  Bifurcation study of wind energy generation systems , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[51]  S.M. Muyeen,et al.  A Variable Speed Wind Turbine Control Strategy to Meet Wind Farm Grid Code Requirements , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[52]  Li Wang,et al.  Dynamic-stability enhancement and reactive power/voltage control of a large-scale wind farm using a STATCOM , 2010, North American Power Symposium 2010.

[53]  R. Aghatehrani,et al.  Reactive Power Management of a DFIG Wind System in Microgrids Based on Voltage Sensitivity Analysis , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[54]  Jorge Martinez,et al.  Fast voltage control in wind power plants , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[55]  Istvan Erlich,et al.  Online Optimal Control of Reactive Sources in Wind Power Plants , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[56]  M. Kayikci,et al.  Reactive Power Control Strategies for DFIG-Based Plants , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[57]  I. J. Raglend,et al.  Power quality improvement in grid connected wind energy system using STATCOM , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET).

[58]  M. Thompson,et al.  Volt/VAR control for wind generation , 2012, PES T&D 2012.

[59]  Ayaz Ahmad,et al.  Development of LVRT and HVRT control strategy for DFIG based wind turbine system , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Energy Conference.

[60]  M.V. Aware,et al.  Energy Storage to Stabilize the Weak Wind Generating Grid , 2008, 2008 Joint International Conference on Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference.

[61]  R. S. Kunte,et al.  Wind plant reactive power and voltage compliance with grid codes , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications.

[62]  M. R. Irving,et al.  Flow Batteries for Enhancing Wind Power Integration , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[63]  Jinfu Chen,et al.  Dynamic optimization of reactive power and voltage control in distribution network considering the connection of DFIG , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference.

[64]  Goro Fujita,et al.  Dynamic characteristic of frequency control by rotary frequency converter to link wind farm and power system , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[65]  Li Wang,et al.  Stability improvement of a DFIG-based offshore wind farm fed to a multi-machine power system using a static VAR compensator , 2012, 2012 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[66]  O. Anaya-Lara,et al.  HVDC network: Wind power integration and creation of super grid , 2011, 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering.

[67]  J. Devishree,et al.  A Static Compensation Method Based Scheme for Improvement of Power Quality in Wind Generation , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Process Automation, Control and Computing.

[68]  Xu Yu,et al.  Evaluation system for reliability of grid-connected wind farms based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering.

[69]  Jin-ming Yang,et al.  The performance research of large scale wind farm connected to external power grid , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA).

[70]  M.V. Aware,et al.  Power quality issues &it’s mitigation technique in wind energy generation , 2008, 2008 13th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power.

[71]  M. M. A. Salama,et al.  Operations analysis of wind penetration into distribution systems using PDLF , 2011, 2011 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Middle East.

[72]  Guy Nicholson.  The practical impacts of large penetrations of wind energy on transmission and distribution networks , 2005 .

[73]  M. Trovato,et al.  Voltage compensation for wind integration in power systems , 2012, 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG).

[74]  P. E. Battaiotto,et al.  Wind Farm to Weak-Grid Connection using UPQC custom power device , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology.

[75]  S. P. Gawande,et al.  Reactive power compensation of wind energy distribution system using Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) , 2012, 2012 IEEE 5th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE).

[76]  R. Takahashi,et al.  Use of supplementary rotor current control in DFIG to augment fault ride through of wind farm as per grid requirement , 2011, IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[77]  Ahmed M. Massoud,et al.  Optimum Power Transmission-Based Droop Control Design for Multi-Terminal HVDC of Offshore Wind Farms , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[78]  Ran Chen,et al.  Design of DC Architecture for Large-Scale Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power Generation System , 2009, 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[79]  I. Erlich,et al.  Reactive Power Generation by DFIG Based Wind Farms with AC Grid Connection , 2007, 2007 IEEE Lausanne Power Tech.

[80]  Mario Rizo,et al.  Low voltage ride-through of wind turbine based on interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators sensorless vector controlled , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[81]  A. Arulampalam,et al.  Operational restrictions with maximum power extraction of DFIG connected wind farms , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies.

[82]  S. Teleke,et al.  Planning and operation of dynamic energy storage for improved integration of wind energy , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[83]  Y. H. Liu,et al.  Novel STATCOM Control Strategy for Wind Farm Reactive Power Compensation , 2011, 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[84]  Mansour Mohseni,et al.  Stabilization of fixed-speed wind generators using adjacent doubly fed induction wind generators , 2011, 2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies.

[85]  Xiaokang Xu,et al.  Application of Distributed Static Compensators in Wind Farms to Meet Grid Codes , 2012, 2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[86]  Yan Li,et al.  Research on Dynamic Var Compensate Strategy of Wind Farm with Statcom , 2011, 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[87]  Ning Chen,et al.  Prioritizing Reactive power assignment strategy for doubly fed induction generator of Large-scale Wind Farm , 2010, 2010 Conference Proceedings IPEC.

[88]  Cheng Gong,et al.  Wind farm dynamic reactive power compensation device performance comparative analysis , 2012, IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies.

[89]  Li Wang,et al.  Stability Enhancement of a Power System With a PMSG-Based and a DFIG-Based Offshore Wind Farm Using a SVC With an Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[90]  Jian Xu,et al.  Improvement of Transient Voltage Stability of the Wind Farm Using SVC and TCSC , 2011, 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.