Challenges, Ideas, and Innovations of Joined-Wing Configurations: A Concept from the Past, an Opportunity for the Future

Abstract Diamond Wings, Strut- and Truss-Braced Wings, Box Wings, and PrandtlPlane, the so-called “JoinedWings”, represent a dramatic departure from traditional configurations. Joined Wings are characterized by a structurally overconstrained layout which significantly increases the design space with multiple load paths and numerous solutions not available in classical wing systems. A tight link between the different disciplines (aerodynamics, flight mechanics, aeroelasticity, etc.) makes a Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization approach a necessity from the early design stages. Researchers showed potential in terms of aerodynamic efficiency, reduction of emissions and superior performances, strongly supporting the technical advantages of Joined Wings. This review will present these studies, with particular focus on the United States joined-wing SensorCraft, Strut- and Truss- Braced Wings, Box Wings and PrandtlPlane.

[1]  Carlos E. S. Cesnik,et al.  Reduced structural modeling of integrally-strained slender wings , 2004 .

[2]  Robert E. Bartels,et al.  Developing an Accurate CFD Based Gust Model for the Truss Braced Wing Aircraft , 2013 .

[3]  Hugo Gagnon,et al.  Aerodynamic Optimization Trade Study of a Box-Wing Aircraft Configuration , 2015 .

[4]  Raphael T. Haftka,et al.  Trade-offs of Wing Weight and Lift/Drag on Design of Medium-Range Transport Aircraft , 2012 .

[5]  Giovanni Bernardini,et al.  Multi--Disciplinary Optimization for the Conceptual Design of Innovative Aircraft Configurations , 2006 .

[6]  Andrew Terzuoli,et al.  Structurally integrated antennas for remote sensing , 2003, IGARSS 2003. 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477).

[7]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Joined-Wing Aeroelastic Design with Geometric Nonlinearity , 2005 .

[8]  M Bushnell Dennis,et al.  Fluid Mechanics, Drag Reduction and Advanced Configuration Aeronautics , 2000 .

[9]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  A Computational Method for Structurally Nonlinear Joined Wings Based on Modal Derivatives , 2014 .

[10]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  A Code for Shape Generation and Aerodynamic Design of Aircraft , 2012 .

[11]  Antonio,et al.  A Wind Tunnel Two-Dimensional Parametric Investigation of Biplane Configurations , 2014 .

[12]  Tyler David Aarons,et al.  Development and Implementation of a Flight Test Program for a Geometrically Scaled Joined Wing SensorCraft Remotely Piloted Vehicle , 2011 .

[13]  W. A. Lovell,et al.  A study of high-altitude manned research aircraft employing strut-braced wings of high-aspect-ratio , 1981 .

[14]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Comparative Assessment of Strut-Braced and Truss-Braced Wing Configurations Using Multidisciplinary Design Optimization , 2015 .

[15]  R. K. Nangia,et al.  ON DESIGN OF UNCONVENTIONAL HIGH ASPECT RATIO "JOINED-WING" TYPE AIRCRAFT , 2002 .

[16]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Phenomenology of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Responses of Highly Deformable Joined Wings , 2015 .

[17]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Truss Braced Wing Aircraft with Upgraded Aerodynamic Analyses , 2011 .

[19]  Paolo Tiso,et al.  A Finite Element Based Reduction Method for Nonlinear Dynamics of Structures , 2005 .

[20]  Robert C. Scott,et al.  Aeroelastic Analysis of SUGAR Truss-Braced Wing Wind-Tunnel Model Using FUN3D and a Nonlinear Structural Model , 2015 .

[21]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Joined-Wing Sensor-Craft Configuration Design , 2004 .

[22]  Bernard Grossman,et al.  Conceptual Design Studies of a Strut-Braced Wing Transonic Transport , 2000 .

[23]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Effect of Flutter on the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Truss-Braced-Wing Aircraft , 2015 .

[24]  R. K. Nangia,et al.  Planform Variation Effects in Unconventional High Aspect Ratio Joined-Wing Aircraft Incorporating Laminar Flow , 2005 .

[25]  Carlos E. S. Cesnik,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic Modeling and Analysis of Fully Flexible Aircraft , 2005 .

[26]  Zhiqiang Zhou,et al.  Low-Weight Low-Drag Truss-Braced Wing Design Using Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flaps , 2015 .

[27]  Asme,et al.  A collection of technical papers : 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference : 10th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Forum : 4th AIAA Non-Deterministic Approaches Forum : 3rd AIAA Gossamer Spacecraft Forum, Denver, Colorado, 22-25 April 2002 , 2002 .

[28]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Nonlinear Analysis of PrandtlPlane Joined Wings - Part II: Effects of Anisotropy , 2012 .

[29]  Gian Luca Ghiringhelli,et al.  Development of an Innovative Configuration for Transport Aircraft; a Project of Five Italian Universities , 2003 .

[30]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Optimization process for configuration of flexible joined-wing , 2004 .

[31]  Roy H. Lange,et al.  Review of unconventional aircraft design concepts , 1988 .

[32]  David Lucia,et al.  The SensorCraft Configurations: A Non-Linear AeroServoElastic Challenge for Aviation , 2005 .

[33]  Dewey H. Hodges,et al.  Incremental Method for Structural Analysis of Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2011 .

[34]  Nicola Paletta,et al.  Non-Linear Dynamic Loads Due to the Landing Impact of a Joined-Wing UAV , 2011 .

[35]  Raphael T. Haftka,et al.  Structural Wing Sizing for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Strut-Braced Wing , 2001 .

[36]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Airworthiness Evaluation of a Scaled Joined-Wing Aircraft 1 , 2012 .

[37]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Risks of linear design of joined wings: a non-linear dynamic perspective in the presence of follower forces , 2013, CEAS Aeronautical Journal.

[38]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Design Optimization of a Truss-Braced Wing Aircraft , 2009 .

[39]  Wright Patterson,et al.  Wind Tunnel Testing of a Twisted Wing for Longitudinal Control in a Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2007 .

[40]  Mary Fairchild Samuels.  Structural Weight Comparison of a Joined Wing and a Conventional Wing , 1982 .

[41]  Robert C. Scott,et al.  Computed and Experimental Flutter/LCO Onset for the Boeing Truss-Braced Wing Wind-Tunnel Model , 2014 .

[42]  Nicola Paletta,et al.  Structural and Aeroelastic Design of a Joined-Wing UAV , 2014 .

[43]  V. Cipolla,et al.  IDINTOS: the first prototype of an amphibious PrandtlPlane-shaped aircraft , 2015 .

[44]  Marty K. Bradley,et al.  Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research: Phase II- Volume III-Truss Braced Wing Aeroelastic Test Report , 2014 .

[45]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  The Lifting System of a PrandtlPlane, Part 3: Structures Made in Composites , 2012 .

[46]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  P ost-Critical Analysis of Joined Wings: the Concept of Snap-Divergence as a Characterization of the Instability , 2013 .

[47]  N. F. Knight,et al.  Nonlinear structural dynamic analysis using a modified modal method , 1985 .

[48]  Philippe-Andre Tetrault,et al.  Numerical Prediction of the Interference Drag of a Streamlined Strut Intersecting a Surface in Transonic Flow , 2000 .

[49]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Reduced Order Methods and Algorithms for Structurally Nonlinear Joined Wings , 2015 .

[50]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Variational Approach to the Problem of the Minimum Induced Drag of Wings , 2009 .

[51]  Nicola Paletta,et al.  Load Alleviation on a Joined-Wing Unmanned Aircraft , 2010 .

[52]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  The PrandtlPlane Configuration: Overview on Possible Applications to Civil Aviation , 2012 .

[53]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Continuum Shape Sensitivity for Nonlinear Transient Aeroelastic Gust Response , 2011 .

[54]  Rangarajan Sivaji.  AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE JOINED-WING CONFIGURATION OF A HIGH-ALTITUDE, LONG ENDURANCE (HALE) AIRCRAFT , 2004 .

[55]  E. Sulaeman,et al.  Nonlinear Response of Aeroservoelastic Systems Using Discrete State-Space Approach , 2003 .

[56]  Terrence A. Weisshaar,et al.  System design innovation using multidisciplinary optimization and simulation , 2000 .

[57]  Mark Voskuijl,et al.  Flight Mechanics Modeling of the PrandtlPlane for Conceptual and Preliminary Design , 2012 .

[58]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  EFFECT OF COMPRESSIVE FORCE ON STRUT-BRACED WING RESPONSE , 2001 .

[59]  Richard A. Wahls,et al.  NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonic Fixed Wing Project: Generation N+3 Technology Portfolio , 2011 .

[60]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic-Scaled-Model Optimization Using Equivalent Static Loads , 2014 .

[61]  P. O. Jemitola,et al.  Wing mass estimation algorithm for medium range box wing aircraft , 2013, The Aeronautical Journal (1968).

[62]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  SENSOR-CRAFT STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYTICAL CERTIFICATION* , 2003 .

[63]  Nicholas S. Green,et al.  Structural Optimization of Joined-Wing Beam Model with Bend-Twist Coupling Using Equivalent Static Loads , 2012 .

[64]  David John Jingeleski,et al.  Aerodynamic Analysis of Variable Geometry Raked Wingtips for Mid-Range Transonic Transport Aircraft , 2012 .

[65]  Michel van Tooren,et al.  Automated Control Surface Design and Sizing for the Prandtl Plane , 2010 .

[66]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Conceptual Design of a Very Large PrandtlPlane Freighter , 2012 .

[67]  Philip S. Beran,et al.  Aeroelastic Analysis of a High-Altitude Long-Endurance Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2005 .

[68]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Phenomenology of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Responses of Highly Deformable Joined-wings Configurations , 2014 .

[69]  Bernard Grossman,et al.  Numerical Prediction of Interference Drag of Strut-Surface Intersection in Transonic Flow , 2001 .

[70]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Nonlinear Analysis of PrandtlPlane Joined Wings: Effects of Anisotropy , 2014 .

[71]  Jonathan E. Cooper,et al.  Performance Evaluation of a Morphing Joined Wing Aircraft Configuration , 2013 .

[72]  Robert M Kulfan,et al.  Wing planform geometry effects on large subsonic military transport airplanes. Final technical report March 1976-February 1977 , 1978 .

[73]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Design of an airfreight system based on an innovative PrandtlPlane aircraft , 2015 .

[74]  David J. Benson,et al.  Risks of linear design of joined wings: a non-linear dynamic perspective in the presence of follower forces , 2015 .

[75]  G. Schwabacher,et al.  Comparison of computational and experimental studies for a joined-wing aircraft , 2002 .

[76]  Joel Grasmeyer,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a transonic strut-braced wing aircraft , 1999 .

[77]  Afzal Suleman.  Research and Development of a Scaled Joined-Wing Flight Vehicle , 2005 .

[78]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  Utility of Quasi-Static Gust Loads Certification Methods for Novel Configurations , 2011 .

[79]  Wei Zhao,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis of SUGAR Truss-braced Wing (TBW) Wind-tunnel Model (WTM) Under In-plane Loads , 2015 .

[80]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Dynamic Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis of The Joined Wing Conguration , 2012 .

[81]  Nicola Paletta,et al.  Aeroelastic Design of a Joined-Wing UAV , 2009 .

[82]  Biagio Imperatore,et al.  A Flexible Wing Unmanned Aerial Research System , 2009 .

[83]  Ilan Kroo,et al.  Optimization of Joined-Wing Aircraft , 1993 .

[84]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Aeroelasticity of Joined Wings: Unique Aspects and Challenges , 2016 .

[85]  Jonathan E. Cooper,et al.  Scaling for a Static Nonlinear Response of a Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2008 .

[86]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  PrandtlPlane Joined Wing: Body freedom flutter, limit cycle oscillation and freeplay studies , 2015 .

[87]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic Scaling of a Joined Wing Aircraft , 2012 .

[88]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  A Hybrid Quasi-steady CFD-Inflow Approach for Gust Response Analysis of Highly Flexible Aircraft , 2012 .

[89]  Wright-Patterson Afb,et al.  An overview of SensorCraft capabilities and key enabling technologies , 2008 .

[90]  William A. McClelland,et al.  Inertia Measurement and Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Radio-Controlled Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2012 .

[91]  Vinod Sharma,et al.  Development of an Innovative Support System for SensorCraft Model , 2011 .

[92]  Tae Kim,et al.  Follower Force Experiments with Geometric Non-Linear Coupling for Analytical Validation , 2012 .

[93]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Design and Evaluation of Aeroelastically Tuned Joined-Wing SensorCraft Flight Test Article , 2013 .

[94]  Ruben E. Perez,et al.  Effect of Size and Mission Requirements on the Design Optimization of Non-Planar Aircraft Configurations , 2010 .

[95]  Aldo Frediani.  Velivolo Biplano ad ali contrapposte , 2003 .

[96]  Donald L. Kunz,et al.  Experiments with Geometric Non-Linear Coupling for Analytical Validation , 2010 .

[97]  J. DeYoung.  Induced drag ideal efficiency factor of arbitrary lateral-vertical wing forms , 1980 .

[98]  Jason E. Hicken,et al.  Induced-Drag Minimization of Nonplanar Geometries Based on the Euler Equations , 2010 .

[99]  Andrew Enke,et al.  SensorCraft Free-Flying Aeroservoelastic Model Design and Fabrication , 2011 .

[100]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Analysis of the Effect of Cruise Speed on Fuel Efficiency and Cost for a Truss-Braced Wing Concept , 2014 .

[101]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  Nonlinear Gust Response of Highly Flexible Aircraft , 2007 .

[102]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Sul problema di Prandtl della minima resistenza indotta di un sistema portante , 1999 .

[103]  Urmila Ghia,et al.  PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF JOINED-WING CONFIGURATION OF HIGH-ALTITUDE LONG-ENDURANCE (HALE) AIRCRAFT * , 2003 .

[104]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Subsonic Strut-Braced Wing Aircraft , 2014 .

[105]  Tracy Lane Bagwill.  Aerodynamic investigation of joined wing configurations for transport aircraft , 1996 .

[106]  Ian P Bond,et al.  48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA , 2007 .

[107]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Post-critical analysis of highly deformable Joined Wings: The concept of snap-divergence as a characterization of the instability , 2015 .

[108]  F. Oliviero,et al.  Flight dynamics model for preliminary design of PrandtlPlane wing configuration with sizing of the control surfaces , 2016 .

[109]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Development of Framework for Truss-Braced Wing Conceptual MDO , 2010 .

[110]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Development of a framework for truss-braced wing conceptual MDO , 2011 .

[111]  Timothy T. Takahashi,et al.  Non Planar Span Loads for Minimum Induced Drag , 2011 .

[112]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Fluid-Structure Transient Gust Response Sensitivity for a Nonlinear Joined Wing Model , 2010 .

[113]  Joaquim R. R. A. Martins,et al.  Aero-Structural Optimization of Non-Planar Lifting Surface Configurations , 2008 .

[114]  S. Gusmeroli,et al.  Strategic research agenda , 2010 .

[115]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Aeroelastic Scaling and Optimization of a Joined-Wing Aircraft Concept , 2007 .

[116]  Terrence A. Weisshaar,et al.  Aeroelasticity of Nonconventional Airplane Configurations-Past and Future , 2003 .

[117]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Flutter Modeling and Suppression for a Strut-Braced Wing , 2012 .

[118]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Amphibious PrandtlPlane: Preliminary Design Aspects Including Propellers Integration and Ground Effect , 2015 .

[119]  Christopher K. Droney,et al.  Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research Phase II: N+4 Advanced Concept Development , 2012 .

[120]  Cezary Galinski,et al.  Basic Induced Drag Study of the Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2009 .

[121]  Urmila Ghia,et al.  Structural Modeling and Optimization of the Joined Wing of a High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) Aircraft , 2005 .

[122]  Pma Paul Slaats,et al.  MODEL REDUCTION TOOLS FOR NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS , 1995 .

[123]  Max Munk,et al.  Isoperimetrische Aufgaben aus der Theorie des Fluges , 1919 .

[124]  Cezary Galiński.  Results of Testing of Models of Joint-Wing Utility Class Aircraft , 1992 .

[125]  Aldo Frediani.  New Large Aircraft , 1999 .

[126]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Medium-Range Transonic Truss-Braced Wing Transport Aircraft , 2012 .

[127]  Julian Wolkovitch,et al.  Subsonic VSTOL Aircraft Configurations with Tandem Wings , 1979 .

[128]  William P. Rodden,et al.  Further Refinement of the Subsonic Doublet-Lattice Method , 1998 .

[129]  Timothy J. Allen,et al.  SUGAR Truss Braced Wing Full Scale Aeroelastic Analysis and Dynamically Scaled Wind Tunnel Model Development , 2015 .

[130]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Minimum Induced Drag Theorems for Joined Wings, Closed Systems, and Generic Biwings: Theory , 2016, J. Optim. Theory Appl..

[131]  A. Frediani,et al.  Best wing system: an exact solution of the Prandtl’s problem , 2009 .

[132]  Raphael T. Haftka,et al.  Multidisciplinary design optimization of a transonic commercial transport with a strut-braced wing , 1999 .

[133]  Alberto Cardona,et al.  A reduction method for nonlinear structural dynamic analysis , 1985 .

[134]  Eugene A. Morelli,et al.  Evaluation of Simultaneous Multisine Excitation of the Joined Wing Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Model , 2011 .

[135]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design for Flight Test of a Scaled Joined Wing SensorCraft , 2010 .

[136]  Marc P. Mignolet,et al.  Nonintrusive Reduced Order Modeling for the Nonlinear Geometric Response of Some Joined Wings , 2014 .

[137]  Antonio Palacios,et al.  A Reduced Order Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis of Joined Wings Based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition , 2010 .

[138]  Eric Ting,et al.  Aerodynamic Analysis of the Truss-Braced Wing Aircraft Using Vortex-Lattice Superposition Approach , 2014 .

[139]  Bernard Grossman,et al.  The Role of Constraints in the MDO of a Cantilever and Strut-B raced Wing Transonic Commercial Transport Aircraft , 2000 .

[140]  Ilan Kroo,et al.  Structural optimization for joined-wing synthesis , 1996 .

[141]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Joined-Wing Wind-Tunnel Test for Longitudinal Control via Aftwing Twist , 2010 .

[142]  Ahmed K. Noor,et al.  Recent Advances and Applications of Reduction Methods , 1994 .

[143]  Jonathan D. Boston,et al.  Experiments with Geometric Non-Linear Coupling for Analytical Validation , 2010 .

[144]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Aeroelastic coupling of geometrically nonlinear structures and linear unsteady aerodynamics: Two formulations , 2009 .

[145]  Northrop Grumman,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A QUIET SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT WITH TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS TO MILITARY AND CIVIL AIRCRAFT , 2002 .

[146]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  Evaluation of Quasi-Static Gust Loads Certification Methods for High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft , 2013 .

[147]  Jonathan E. Cooper,et al.  Aeroelastic tailoring and scaling using Bacterial Foraging Optimisation , 2014 .

[148]  Hugo Gagnon,et al.  High-fidelity Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Unconventional Aircraft through Axial Deformation , 2014 .

[149]  Craig Lawson,et al.  Tip fin inclination effect on structural design of a box-wing aircraft , 2013 .

[150]  Floyd Johnson,et al.  Sensor Craft - Tomorrow's eyes and ears of the Warfighter , 2001 .

[151]  G. Monegato,et al.  Invariant Formulation for the Minimum Induced Drag Conditions of Nonplanar Wing Systems , 2014 .

[152]  R. K. Nangia,et al.  Unconventional High Aspect Ratio Joined-Wing Aircraft with Aft- and Forward-Swept Wing-Tips , 2003 .

[153]  Raphael T. Haftka,et al.  PASSIVE LOAD ALLEVIATION IN THE DESIGN OF A STRUT-BRACED WING TRANSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT , 2000 .

[154]  Terrence Weisshaar,et al.  Aeroelastic Tailoring of Joined-Wing Configurations , 2002 .

[155]  A. Seiranyan,et al.  Aeroelastic stability of a wing with bracing struts (Keldysh problem) , 1998 .

[156]  John C. Vassberg,et al.  Aerodynamic Cruise Design of a Joined Wing SensorCraft , 2008 .

[157]  Hugh Thornburg,et al.  Parametric Mesh Deformation and Sensitivity Analysis for Design of a Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2004 .

[158]  Urmila Ghia,et al.  Aerodynamic Analysis of the Joined-Wing Configuration of a HALE Aircraft , 2003 .

[159]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Structural Design of a Truss Braced Wing: Potential and Challenges , 2009 .

[160]  Valentina B. Kaloyanova.  Structural modeling and optimization of a joined-wing configuration of a High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) aircraft , 2009 .

[161]  Jonathan E. Cooper,et al.  Experimental Nonlinear Static Deflections of a Subscale Joined Wing , 2012 .

[162]  Erwin Sulaeman,et al.  Effect of Compressive Force on Aeroelastic Stability of a Strut-Braced Wing , 2001 .

[163]  Carlos E. S. Cesnik,et al.  Active Warping Control of a Joined Wing/Tail Airplane Configuration , 2003 .

[164]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Optimization process for configuration of flexible joined-wing , 2008 .

[165]  P. D. Gall,et al.  Aerodynamic characteristics of biplanes with winglets , 1987 .

[166]  Soujanya Marisarla,et al.  STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF AN EQUIVALENT BOX-WING REPRESENTATION OF SENSORCRAFT JOINED-WING CONFIGURATION FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE, LONG-ENDURANCE (HALE) AIRCRAFT , 2005 .

[167]  Bart A. Singer,et al.  Aerodynamics for Revolutionary Air Vehicles , 2003 .

[168]  Ilan Kroo,et al.  Design synthesis and optimization of joined-wing transports , 1990 .

[169]  Wright Patterson,et al.  Aero-elastic Analysis of Sensor Craft Configurations using AVUS and Nastran , 2010 .

[170]  G. Monegato,et al.  Minimum Induced Drag Theorems for Multi-Wing Systems , 2016 .

[171]  P. C. Chen,et al.  Nonlinear Response of Open/Closed-Loop Aeroelastic System Using a Discrete State-Space Approach , 2003 .

[172]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Flexible Wing Model for Structural Sizing and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Strut-Braced Wing , 2000 .

[173]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Design Optimization of a Truss-Braced-Wing Transonic Transport Aircraft , 2010 .

[174]  Christopher J. Roy,et al.  Analysis of Interference Drag for Strut-Strut Interaction in Transonic Flow , 2009 .

[175]  Robert C. Scott,et al.  Aeroservoelastic Wind-Tunnel Test of the SUGAR Truss Braced Wing Wind-Tunnel Model , 2015 .

[176]  Jones F Cahill,et al.  Preliminary investigation at subsonic and transonic speeds of the aerodynamic characteristics of a biplane composed of a sweptback and a sweptforward wing joined at the tips , 1954 .

[177]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  NON-LINEAR AEROELASTIC SCALING OF A JOINED-WING CONCEPT , 2007 .

[178]  Mayuresh J. Patil,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic Scaled Model Optimization Using Equivalent Static Loads , 2013 .

[179]  Joseph A. Schetz,et al.  Aerodynamic Considerations in the Design of Truss-Braced-Wing Aircraft , 2011 .

[180]  Gian Luca Ghiringhelli,et al.  The Lifting System of a PrandtlPlane, Part 1: Design and Analysis of a Light Alloy Structural Solution , 2012 .

[181]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Aeroelastic Scaling of a Joined Wing for Nonlinear Geometric Stiffness , 2012 .

[182]  W. Rodden,et al.  A doublet-lattice method for calculating lift distributions on oscillating surfaces in subsonic flows. , 1969 .

[183]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Design of a prototype of light amphibious prandtlplane , 2015 .

[184]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Transport Weight Reduction through MDO: The Strut-Braced Wing Transonic Transport , 2005 .

[185]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Medium-Range Transonic Truss-Braced Wing Aircraft with Flutter Constraint , 2013 .

[186]  Werner Pfenninger,et al.  Design aspects of long range supersonic LFC airplanes with highly swept wings , 1988 .

[187]  Erasmo Carrera,et al.  A wind tunnel model of a ULM configuration of prandtlPlane: Design, Manufacturing and Aerodynamic testing , 2003 .

[188]  R. K. Nangia,et al.  Joined Wing Configuration for High Speeds - A First Stage Aerodynamic Study , 2006 .

[189]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  A JOINED-WING STRUCTURAL WEIGHT MODELING STUDY , 2002 .

[190]  P. C. Chen,et al.  NONLINEAR AEROELASITIC STUDIES ON A JOINED-WING WITH WING BUCKLING EFFECTS , 2004 .

[191]  Eric Y. Reichenbach,et al.  Aeroservoelastic Design and Test Validation of the Joined Wing Sensorcraft , 2008 .

[192]  Jason Robinson.  Structural Testing and Analysis of a Joined Wing Technology Demonstrator , 2004 .

[193]  Miguel Angel Barcala Montejano,et al.  Experimental investigation on box-wing configuration for UAS , 2011 .

[194]  D. Shalev,et al.  Nonlinear analysis using a modal-based reduction technique , 1995 .

[195]  Daniella E. Raveh,et al.  Application of Active-Aeroelastic-Wing Technology to a Joined-Wing Sensorcraft , 2002 .

[196]  Wei Zhao,et al.  Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis of a Truss Based Wing Aircraft , 2014 .

[197]  Wright-Patterson Afb,et al.  Design of a Scaled RPV for Investigation of Gust Response of Joined-Wing Sensorcraft , 2009 .

[198]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Minimum Induced Drag Theorems for Joined Wings, Closed Systems, and Generic Biwings: Applications , 2016, J. Optim. Theory Appl..

[199]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  The Structural Order Reduction Challenge in the Case of Geometrically Nonlinear Joined-Wing Configurations , 2007 .

[200]  Robert C. Scott,et al.  Aeroservoelastic Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Free-Flying, Joined-Wing SensorCraft Model for Gust Load Alleviation , 2011 .

[201]  W. A. Lovell,et al.  Preliminary design characteristics of a subsonic business jet concept employing an aspect ratio 25 strut braced wing , 1980 .

[202]  Afzal Suleman,et al.  Design for Flight Test of a Scaled Joined Wing SensorCraft 1 , 2011 .

[203]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Structural and Aeroelastic Characteristics of Truss-Braced Wings: A Parametric Study , 2012 .

[204]  Joaquim R. R. A. Martins,et al.  Aerostructural Optimization of Nonplanar Lifting Surfaces , 2010 .

[205]  Mayuresh J. Patil.  NONLINEAR AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS OF JOINED-WING AIRCRAFT , 2003 .

[206]  J. Watmuff,et al.  Highly non-planar Lifting Systems: A relative assessment of existing Potential-Methodologies to accurately estimate the Induced Drag , 2014 .

[207]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  The Lifting System of a PrandtlPlane, Part 2: Preliminary Study on Flutter Characteristics , 2012 .

[208]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Dynamic Aeroelasticity of Structurally Nonlinear Configurations Using Linear Modally Reduced Aerodynamic Generalized Forces , 2007 .

[209]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Minimum Induced Drag Theorems for Joined Wings, Closed Systems, and Generic Biwings: Results , 2015 .

[210]  Charles A. G. Eger,et al.  Design of a Scaled Flight Test Vehicle Including Linear Aeroelastic Effects , 2013 .

[211]  Giovanni Bernardini,et al.  Analysis of a structural-aerodynamic fully-coupled formulation for aeroelastic response of rotorcraft , 2013 .

[212]  Eric Y. Reichenbach,et al.  Joined Wing Sensorcraft Aeroservoelastic Wind Tunnel Test Program , 2011 .

[213]  Stephen A. Andrews,et al.  Stability and Control Effects on the Design Optimization of a Box-Wing Aircraft , 2014 .

[214]  Yan-Yee Andy Ko,et al.  The Role of Constraints and Vehicle Concepts in Transport Design: A Comparison of Cantilever and Strut-Braced Wing Airplane Concepts , 2000 .

[215]  Ilan Kroo,et al.  Aerodynamic and structural studies of joined-wing aircraft , 1991 .

[216]  J. Letcher.  V-Wings and Diamond Ring-Wings of Minimum Induced Drag , 1972 .

[217]  Luciano Demasi,et al.  Postcritical Analysis of PrandtlPlane Joined-Wing Configurations , 2013 .

[218]  Urmila Ghia,et al.  Aerodynamic and Structural Analyses of Joined Wings of Hale Aircraft , 2005 .

[219]  William H. Mason,et al.  Transonic Aerodynamics of a Wing/Pylon/Strut Juncture , 2003 .

[220]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Parametric Studies of Flutter Speed in a Strut-Braced Wing , 2002 .

[221]  Raphael T. Haftka,et al.  Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Transonic Commercial Transport with Strut-Braced Wing , 2001 .

[222]  Bruce P. Selberg,et al.  Aerodynamic Investigation of Twist and Cant Angles for Joined Wing Transport Aircraft , 1997 .

[223]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Structural Optimization of Joined-Wing Beam Model with Bend/Twist Coupling Using ESL , 2009 .

[224]  Raymond M. Kolonay,et al.  Structural optimization of a joined wing using equivalent static loads , 2007 .

[225]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  The development of a PrandtlPlane aircraft configuration , 2003 .

[226]  R. K. Nangia,et al.  UNCONVENTIONAL HIGH ASPECT RATIO JOINED-WING AIRCRAFT INCORPORATING LAMINAR FLOW , 2003 .

[227]  Daniel Rixen,et al.  Reduction methods for MEMS nonlinear dynamic analysis , 2011 .

[228]  Gregory W. Reich,et al.  Large-Area Aerodynamic Control for High-Altitude Long- Endurance Sensor Platforms , 2005 .

[229]  Raymond M. Kolonay,et al.  Nonlinear Response Structural Optimization of a Joined Wing Using Equivalent Loads , 2008 .

[230]  Robert A. Canfield,et al.  Aero-Structural Coupling and Sensitivity of a Joined-Wing SensorCraft , 2003 .

[231]  Aldo Frediani,et al.  Application of Optimisation Algorithms to Aircraft Aerodynamics , 2009 .

[232]  E. Livne,et al.  Aeroelasticity of joined-wing airplane configurations - Past work and future challenges - a survey , 2001 .

[233]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Progress Towards Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Truss Braced Wing Aircraft with Flutter Constraints , 2010 .

[234]  E. Torenbeek,et al.  Unconventional aircraft concepts: Papers presented at a symposium organised by the Netherlands Association of Aeronautical Engineers (NVvL) and the Students Society 'Leonardo da Vinci"on April 24, 1987, at the Delft University of Technology , 1987 .

[235]  Bernard Grossman,et al.  Multidisciplinary design optimization of a strut-braced wing transonic transport , 2000 .

[236]  Arnold Afb,et al.  Aeroelastic Scaling for Verification and Evaluation of Geometric Nonlinearity on a Joined-Wing Aircraft Model , 2008 .

[237]  Rakesh K. Kapania,et al.  Aeroelastic Analysis and Optimization of Flexible Wing Aircraft with a Novel Control Effector , 2015 .

[238]  Dewey H. Hodges,et al.  Parametric Study of Joined-Wing Aircraft Geometry , 2010 .

[239]  Jason Robinson,et al.  A Joined-Wing Flight Experiment , 2008 .

[240]  Ben P Smallwood,et al.  Structurally Integrated Antennas on a Joined-Wing Aircraft , 2003 .

[241]  Fred A. Kimler.  Structural Design of Wing Twist for Pitch Control of Joined Wing Sensor Craft , 2006 .

[242]  Dieter Scholz,et al.  The Conflict of Aerodynamic Efficiency and Static Longitudinal Stability of Box Wing Aircraft , 2011 .

[243]  Robert M. Kulfan,et al.  Wing Planforms for Large Military Transports , 1978 .

[244]  A. Frediani,et al.  PrandtlPlane Propelled with Liquid Hydrogen: A Preliminary Study , 2012 .

[246]  P. D. Gall,et al.  An experimental and theoretical analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of a biplane-winglet configuration. M.D. Thesis , 1984 .

[247]  J. Wolkovitch,et al.  The joined wing - An overview , 1985 .

[248]  Raymond M. Kolonay,et al.  Nonlinear Dynamic Response Structural Optimization of a Joined-Wing Using Equivalent Static Loads , 2009 .