MANAGEMENT | REVIEW ARTICLE Entrepreneurship education: A systematic literature review of curricula contents and teaching methods

Entrepreneurship education (EE) is one of the fastest growing fields of education globally, yet the areas of "what" should be taught in these programmes and "how" to teach them have been mentioned by many researchers as ones that lack both consensus and devoted attention. The present paper aims to provide a detailed map of common and best practices in terms of curriculum content and methods of teaching entrepreneurship on the tertiary level, and to explore how they correlate with practices recommended by the entrepreneurial learning field of research, in order to contrib- ute to extracting best practice. This paper uses a systematic literature review (SLR) to help review the literature in a transparent and unbiased way. The review is undertaken through six stages using NVivo computer software. In each stage, the literature on EE is screened and filtered to reduce the size and try to reach the more relevant and useful papers. This process end up with 129 articles divided between EE and entrepreneur- ship learning. The result of the reviewing process reveals that the curricula content and teaching methods vary depending on the programme's objectives—from theoretical courses aiming to increase entrepreneurial awareness to practical-oriented ones that aim to produce graduates ready to start a business. Practical-oriented courses correlate with entrepreneurial learning suggestions for practices to engage students in acquir- ing entrepreneurial competencies. However, to better extract best practice, it would be useful if future research could explore what, exactly, it is that we mean when we use the term "entrepreneurial course" and link it to the entrepreneurship process. Also, it would be useful to explore what are the results of EE programmes in terms of the actual graduates who start or grow a business, and link the findings to the teaching process.

[1]  Smile Dzisi,et al.  Entrepreneurial activities of indigenous African women: a case of Ghana , 2008 .

[2]  Roger Bennett,et al.  Business lecturers' perceptions of the nature of entrepreneurship , 2006 .

[3]  R. Thorpe,et al.  A framework for entrepreneurial learning: A tribute to Jason Cope , 2012 .

[4]  J. Cope,et al.  Learning by doing – An exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning , 2000 .

[5]  Edward Henry Mathews,et al.  Integrating innovation skills in an introductory engineering design-build course , 2012 .

[6]  José María Chamoso Sánchez,et al.  The Impact of an Entrepreneurship Education Program on Entrepreneurial Competencies and Intention* , 2013 .

[7]  D. Kuratko.  The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges , 2005 .

[8]  Stratos Ramoglou.  Who is a ‘non-entrepreneur’?: Taking the ‘others’ of entrepreneurship seriously , 2013 .

[9]  Paul D. Hannon.  Teaching pigeons to dance: sense and meaning in entrepreneurship education , 2006 .

[10]  J. Cope,et al.  Toward a Dynamic Learning Perspective of Entrepreneurship , 2005 .

[11]  Cecilia Hegarty,et al.  Rediscovering enterprise: developing appropriate university entrepreneurship education , 2010 .

[12]  Michael H. Morris,et al.  A Competency‐Based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights , 2013 .

[13]  Harry Matlay,et al.  Understanding the heterogeneity of entrepreneurship education: going beyond Gartner , 2011 .

[14]  Dean A. Shepherd,et al.  Educating Entrepreneurship Students About Emotion and Learning From Failure , 2004 .

[15]  Karl H. Vesper,et al.  New Ventures and Small Business Innovation for Economic Growth , 1987 .

[16]  Robert S. Sullivan.  Entrepreneurial learning and mentoring , 2000 .

[17]  William D. Bygrave,et al.  A Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurial Learning , 2001 .

[18]  Nicole Coviello,et al.  Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research , 2004 .

[19]  Alain Fayolle,et al.  From craft to science: teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education , 2008 .

[20]  Dimo Dimov,et al.  Burst Bubbles or Build Steam? Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Self‐Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intentions , 2015 .

[21]  Paul Hannon,et al.  Enterprise and entrepreneurship in English higher education: 2010 and beyond , 2012 .

[22]  A. Fayolle.  Personal views on the future of entrepreneurship education , 2013 .

[23]  Alison Rieple,et al.  Assessing students' entrepreneurial skills development in live projects , 2013 .

[24]  Jarna Heinonen,et al.  An entrepreneurial‐directed approach to entrepreneurship education: mission impossible? , 2006 .

[25]  Patricia Bazeley,et al.  The Nvivo Qualitative Project Book , 2000 .

[26]  Daniel A. Menascé,et al.  Student Perceptions of Engineering Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study , 2006 .

[27]  J. Cope,et al.  Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis , 2011 .

[28]  Alain Fayolle,et al.  The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence , 2015 .

[29]  Eric Pardede,et al.  Redesigning the Assessment of an Entrepreneurship Course in an Information Technology Degree Program: Embedding Assessment for Learning Practices , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Education.

[30]  A. Ligthelm,et al.  Survival Analysis of Small Informal Businesses in South Africa, 2007–2010 , 2011, Eurasian Business Review.

[31]  Mats A. Lundqvist,et al.  Academic entrepreneurship revisited: university scientists and venture creation , 2013 .

[32]  Dawn R. DeTienne,et al.  Opportunity Identification and Its Role in the Entrepreneurial Classroom: A Pedagogical Approach and Empirical Test , 2004 .

[33]  J. Cope,et al.  Entrepreneurship Education , 2007 .

[34]  Magnus Aronsson,et al.  Education Matters—But Does Entrepreneurship Education? An interview with David Birch , 2004 .

[35]  Rita Klapper,et al.  Innovating entrepreneurial pedagogy: examples from France and Germany , 2010 .

[36]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide , 2005 .

[37]  Planning Benson Honig.  Entrepreneurship Education: Toward a Model of Contingency-Based Business , 2004 .

[38]  Colin Jones,et al.  Entrepreneurship education: revisiting our role and its purpose , 2010 .

[39]  P. S. Vincett,et al.  “Start‐a‐Business”: an experiment in education through entrepreneurship , 2008 .

[40]  Karl H. Vesper,et al.  Measuring progress in entrepreneurship education , 1997 .

[41]  Thomas J. Dean,et al.  Escaping the green prison: Entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development , 2010 .

[42]  J. Fiet.  The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship , 2001 .

[43]  Allan Macpherson,et al.  Knowledge within small and medium-sized firms: a systematic review of the evidence , 2005 .

[44]  Andrew C. Corbett.  Experiential Learning within the Process of Opportunity Identification and Exploitation , 2005 .

[45]  Yifan Wang,et al.  Generalist or specific studies for engineering entrepreneurs?: Comparison of French engineering students' trajectories in two different curricula , 2011 .

[46]  Saras D. Sarasvathy,et al.  When Contingency is a Resource: Educating Entrepreneurs in the Balkans, the Bronx, and Beyond , 2013 .

[47]  Jerome A. Katz.  The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurship education: 1876–1999 , 2003 .

[48]  Peter V. Schaeffer,et al.  A COUNTY-LEVEL ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN APPALACHIA USING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS , 2010 .

[49]  George T. Solomon.  An examination of entrepreneurship education in the United States , 2007 .