Infrared up-converting phosphors for bioassays.

The development of up-converting phosphor reporter particles has added a powerful tool to modern detection technologies. Carefully constructed phosphor reporters have core-shell structures with surface functional groups suitable for standard bio-conjugations. These reporters are chemically stable, possess the unique property of infrared up-conversion, and are readily detected. In contrast to conventional fluorescent reporters, up-converting phosphor particles do not bleach and allow permanent excitation with simultaneous signal integration. A large anti-Stokes shift (up to 500 nm) separates discrete emission peaks from the infrared excitation source. Along with the unmatched contrast in biological specimens due to the absence of autofluorescence upon infrared excitation, up-converting phosphor technology (UPT) has unique properties for highly-sensitive particle-based assays. The production and characteristics of UPT reporter particles as well as their application in various bioassays is reviewed.

[1]  W. V. Leeuwen.  Binary typing of staphylococcus aureus , 2002 .

[2]  R. Sam Niedbala,et al.  Up-converting phosphor reporters for nucleic acid microarrays , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[3]  M. Akinc,et al.  Preparation of spherical, monosized Y2O3 precursor particles , 1988 .

[4]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. , 1998, Science.

[5]  Ralph H. Page,et al.  Upconversion-pumped luminescence efficiency of rare-earth-doped hosts sensitized with trivalent ytterbium , 1997 .

[6]  Leigh B. Bangs,et al.  New developments in particle-based immunoassays: Introduction , 1996 .

[7]  J. Burton,et al.  Detection of analytes by immunoassay using up-converting phosphor technology. , 2001, Analytical biochemistry.

[8]  Anthony G. Frutos,et al.  High-sensitivity detection of DNA hybridization on microarrays using resonance light scattering. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[9]  Michel Zuiderwijk,et al.  An amplification-free hybridization-based DNA assay to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizing the up-converting phosphor technology. , 2003, Clinical biochemistry.

[10]  D. Balding,et al.  HLA Sequence Polymorphism and the Origin of Humans , 2006 .

[11]  D. Whitcombe,et al.  Advances in approaches to DNA-based diagnostics. , 1998, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[12]  N. A. Mufti,et al.  Upconverting phosphor reporters in immunochromatographic assays. , 2001, Analytical biochemistry.

[13]  J. Aubin.  Autofluorescence of viable cultured mammalian cells. , 1979, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[14]  H. Tanke,et al.  Detection of cell and tissue surface antigens using up-converting phosphors: a new reporter technology. , 1999, Analytical biochemistry.

[15]  A. van Belkum,et al.  Binary Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains through Reversed Hybridization Using Digoxigenin-Universal Linkage System-Labeled Bacterial Genomic DNA , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[16]  Mats Nilsson,et al.  Lateral-flow and up-converting phosphor reporters to detect single-stranded nucleic acids in a sandwich-hybridization assay. , 2003, Analytical biochemistry.

[17]  J. Storhoff,et al.  Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. , 1997, Science.

[18]  Shizhi Qian,et al.  A mathematical model of lateral flow bioreactions applied to sandwich assays. , 2003, Analytical biochemistry.

[19]  Hans H. Feindt,et al.  Multiphoton up-converting phosphors for use in rapid immunoassays , 2000, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[20]  U. Landegren.  Molecular mechanics of nucleic acid sequence amplification. , 1993, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[21]  H. Tanke,et al.  Immunochemical detection of proteins and nucleic acids on filters using small luminescent inorganic crystals as markers. , 1992, Analytical biochemistry.

[22]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Array-Based Electrical Detection of DNA with Nanoparticle Probes , 2002, Science.

[23]  Russell Scarpino,et al.  Preparation, characterization, and fabrication of uniform coated Y2O2S:RE3+ up-converting phosphor particles for biological detection applications , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[24]  E. Matijević,et al.  Preparation and properties of uniform coated colloidal particles. VII. Silica on hematite , 1992 .

[25]  L J Kricka,et al.  Nucleic acid detection technologies -- labels, strategies, and formats. , 1999, Clinical chemistry.

[26]  E. Matijević,et al.  Preparation and Properties of Monodispersed Colloidal Particles of Lanthanide Compounds: III, Yttrium(III) and Mixed Yttrium(III)/Cerium(III) Systems , 1988 .

[27]  J. Mekalanos,et al.  Cholera toxin genes: nucleotide sequence, deletion analysis and vaccine development , 1983, Nature.

[28]  M. Akinc,et al.  Preparation of yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium basic carbonate particles by homogeneous precipitation , 1987 .

[29]  F. Auzel,et al.  Materials and Devices with Using Double-Pumped Phosphon Energy Transfer , 1973 .

[30]  H Tanke,et al.  Use of up-converting phosphor reporters in lateral-flow assays to detect specific nucleic acid sequences: a rapid, sensitive DNA test to identify human papillomavirus type 16 infection. , 2001, Clinical chemistry.

[31]  J. E. Mattson,et al.  A Group-IV Ferromagnetic Semiconductor: MnxGe1−x , 2002, Science.

[32]  E. Matijević,et al.  Preparation and properties of uniform coated colloidal particles , 1990 .

[33]  Shizhi Qian,et al.  Analysis of lateral flow biodetectors: competitive format. , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[34]  P. Voort,et al.  Characterization and Chemical Modification of the Silica Surface , 1995 .