Effects of Oxygen Transport on 3‐D Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Metabolic Activity in Perfusion and Static Cultures: Experiments and Mathematical Model

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have unique potential to develop into functional tissue constructs to replace a wide range of tissues damaged by disease or injury. While recent studies have highlighted the necessity for 3‐D culture systems to facilitate the proper biological, physiological, and developmental processes of the cells, the effects of the physiological environment on the intrinsic tissue development characteristics in the 3‐D scaffolds have not been fully investigated. In this study, experimental results from a 3‐D perfusion bioreactor system and the static culture are combined with a mathematical model to assess the effects of oxygen transport on hMSC metabolism and proliferation in 3‐D constructs grown in static and perfusion conditions. Cells grown in the perfusion culture had order of magnitude higher metabolic rates, and the perfusion culture supports higher cell density at the end of cultivation. The specific oxygen consumption rate for the constructs in the perfusion bioreactor was found to decrease from 0.012 to 0.0017 μmol/106 cells/h as cell density increases, suggesting intrinsic physiological change at high cell density. BrdU staining revealed the noneven spatial distribution of the proliferating cells in the constructs grown under static culture conditions compared to the cells that were grown in the perfusion system. The hypothesis that the constructs in static culture grow under oxygen limitation is supported by higher YL/G in static culture. Modeling results show that the oxygen tension in the static culture is lower than that of the perfusion unit, where the cell density was 4 times higher. The experimental and modeling results show the dependence of cell metabolism and spatial growth patterns on the culture environment and highlight the need to optimize the culture parameters in hMSC tissue engineering