Integration of stress testing with graph theory to assess the resilience of urban road networks under seismic hazards

Transportation networks daily provide accessibility and crucial services to societies. However, they must also maintain an acceptable level of service to critical infrastructures in the case of disruptions, especially during natural disasters. We have developed a method for assessing the resilience of transportation network topology when exposed to environmental hazards. This approach integrates graph theory with stress testing methodology and involves five basic steps: (1) establishment of a scenario set that covers a range of seismic damage potential in the network, (2) assessment of resilience using various graph-based metrics, (3) topology-based simulations, (4) evaluation of changes in graph-based metrics, and (5) examination of resilience in terms of spatial distribution of critical nodes and the entire network topology. Our case study was from the city of Kathmandu in Nepal, where the earthquake on April 25, 2015, followed by a major aftershock on May 12, 2015, led to numerous casualties and caused significant damage. Therefore, it is a good example for demonstrating and validating the developed methodology. The results presented here indicate that the proposed approach is quite efficient and accurate in assisting stakeholders when evaluating the resilience of transportation networks based on their topology.

[1]  Savas Onder,et al.  Macro Stress Testing and an Application on Turkish Banking Sector1 , 2016 .

[2]  Graham R. Marshall,et al.  Top-down assessment of disaster resilience: A conceptual framework using coping and adaptive capacities , 2016 .

[3]  Atsuyuki Okabe,et al.  A kernel density estimation method for networks, its computational method and a GIS‐based tool , 2009, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[4]  Erik Jenelius,et al.  Road network vulnerability analysis: Conceptualization, implementation and application , 2015, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[5]  Shamsul Fakhruddin,et al.  Application of Science and Technology for Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 , 2016 .

[6]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience , 2010 .

[7]  Robert E. Kooij,et al.  Graph measures and network robustness , 2013, ArXiv.

[8]  Leonard M. Freeman,et al.  A set of measures of centrality based upon betweenness , 1977 .

[9]  Alan T. Murray,et al.  Comparative Approaches for Assessing Network Vulnerability , 2008 .

[10]  Iunio Iervolino,et al.  Harmonized Approach To Stress Tests For Critical Infrastructures Against Natural Hazards (STREST) , 2017 .

[11]  J F Hughes,et al.  Measuring the resilience of transport infrastructure , 2014 .

[12]  James P. G. Sterbenz,et al.  Multilevel resilience analysis of transportation and communication networks , 2015, Telecommun. Syst..

[13]  V Latora,et al.  Efficient behavior of small-world networks. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[14]  A. Díaz-Guilera,et al.  Efficiency of informational transfer in regular and complex networks. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[15]  L. Freeman.  Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .

[16]  Ulrich Weidmann,et al.  Stability of public transportation systems in case of random failures and intended attacks - a case study from Switzerland , 2009, ICONS 2009.

[17]  Graeme S. Cumming,et al.  Spatial Resilience in Networks , 2011 .

[18]  Vito Latora,et al.  Elementary processes governing the evolution of road networks , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[19]  V. Latora,et al.  The Network Analysis of Urban Streets: A Primal Approach , 2006 .

[20]  E. Gutiérrez,et al.  A network-based analysis of the impact of structural damage on urban accessibility following a disaster: the case of the seismically damaged Port Au Prince and Carrefour urban road networks , 2011 .

[21]  Syed Ainuddin,et al.  Earthquake hazards and community resilience in Baluchistan , 2012, Natural Hazards.

[22]  Johan Bergström,et al.  Scrutinizing the relationship between adaptation and resilience: Longitudinal comparative case studies across shocks in two Nepalese villages , 2017 .

[23]  Thomas Glade,et al.  Natural hazards and resilience: exploring institutional and organizational dimensions of social resilience , 2013, Natural Hazards.

[24]  Jacob Cohen.  A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales , 1960 .

[25]  Jun Yan,et al.  Kernel Density Estimation of traffic accidents in a network space , 2008, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[26]  E. Addink,et al.  Network concepts to describe channel importance and change in multichannel systems: test results for the Jamuna River, Bangladesh , 2014 .

[27]  James P. G. Sterbenz,et al.  Modelling communication network challenges for Future Internet resilience, survivability, and disruption tolerance: a simulation-based approach , 2013, Telecommun. Syst..

[28]  Arabinda Mishra,et al.  Building ex ante resilience of disaster-exposed mountain communities: Drawing insights from the Nepal earthquake recovery , 2017 .

[29]  Michael E. Hodgson,et al.  Building type classification using spatial and landscape attributes derived from LiDAR remote sensing data , 2014 .

[30]  Nianwen Lu,et al.  VIBRATION ASSESSMENT METHOD AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS TO , 2007 .

[31]  Vahid Garousi.  A Genetic Algorithm-Based Stress Test Requirements Generator Tool and Its Empirical Evaluation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[32]  M E J Newman,et al.  Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[33]  Atsuyuki Okabe,et al.  SANET: A Toolbox for Spatial Analysis on a Network , 2006 .

[34]  Edsger W. Dijkstra,et al.  A note on two problems in connexion with graphs , 1959, Numerische Mathematik.

[35]  L.L.F. Janssen,et al.  Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land - cover data : a review , 1994 .

[36]  Kyriazis Pitilakis,et al.  Systemic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Transportation Systems Under Natural Hazards Towards More Resilient and Robust Infrastructures , 2016 .

[37]  Robert Dorbritz.  ASSESSING THE RESILIENCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN CASE OF LARGE-SCALE DISASTROUS EVENTS , 2011 .

[38]  Roger R. Stough,et al.  Moving from Protection to Resiliency: A Path to Securing Critical Infrastructure , 2007 .

[39]  Elise Miller-Hooks,et al.  Assessing the role of network topology in transportation network resilience , 2015 .

[40]  Mark Newman,et al.  Networks: An Introduction , 2010 .

[41]  Eugene J. O'Brien,et al.  A multi-hazard risk assessment methodology, stress test framework and decision support tool for transport infrastructure networks , 2016 .

[42]  Massimo Marchiori,et al.  Error and attacktolerance of complex network s , 2004 .

[43]  Atsuyuki Okabe,et al.  The K-Function Method on a Network and Its Computational Implementation , 2010 .

[44]  Robert J. Nicholls,et al.  Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? , 2003 .

[45]  Huicong Jia,et al.  Resilience to natural hazards: a geographic perspective , 2010 .

[46]  Prashant Bansode,et al.  Performance testing guidance for web applications: patterns & practices , 2007 .

[47]  Priyakant Sinha,et al.  Time-series effective habitat area (EHA) modeling using cost-benefit raster based technique , 2014, Ecol. Informatics.

[48]  M. Bíl,et al.  Evaluating road network damage caused by natural disasters in the Czech Republic between 1997 and 2010 , 2015 .

[49]  Michael T. Gastner,et al.  The spatial structure of networks , 2006 .

[50]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities , 2003 .

[51]  Bernardete Ribeiro,et al.  Understanding road network dynamics: Link-based topological patterns , 2015 .

[52]  Chandra Kiran Kawan,et al.  Reconnaissance based damage survey of buildings in Kathmandu valley: An aftermath of 7.8 Mw, 25 April 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake , 2016 .

[53]  Pamela M. Murray-Tuite.  A Comparison of Transportation Network Resilience under Simulated System Optimum and User Equilibrium Conditions , 2006, Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference.

[54]  Roger R. Stough,et al.  Using Raster-Based GIS and Graph Theory to Analyze Complex Networks , 2007 .

[55]  Enrico Zio,et al.  The role of network theory and object-oriented modeling within a framework for the vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructures , 2009, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[56]  Yongxue Liu,et al.  Robustness assessment of urban rail transit based on complex network theory: a case study of the Beijing Subway , 2015 .

[57]  Russell G. Congalton,et al.  A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data , 1991 .

[58]  Thomas P Seager,et al.  Lessons in risk‐ versus resilience‐based design and management , 2011, Integrated environmental assessment and management.

[59]  Massimo Marchiori,et al.  Vulnerability and protection of infrastructure networks. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[60]  Matthias Garschagen,et al.  Resilience and organisational institutionalism from a cross-cultural perspective: an exploration based on urban climate change adaptation in Vietnam , 2013, Natural Hazards.