Connectivity on Underwater MI-Assisted Acoustic Cooperative MIMO Networks †

In traditional underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), it is difficult to establish reliable communication links as the acoustic wave experiences severe multipath effect, channel fading, and ambient noise. Recently, with the assistance of magnetic induction (MI) technique, cooperative multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) is utilized in UWSNs to enable the reliable long range underwater communication. Compared with the acoustic-based UWSNs, the UWSNs adopting MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO are referred to as heterogeneous UWSNs, which are able to significantly improve the effective cover space and network throughput. Due to the complex channel characteristics and the heterogeneous architecture, the connectivity of underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO networks is much more complicated than that of acoustic-based UWSNs. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to analyze the connectivity of the networks, which considers the effects of channel characteristics, system parameters, and synchronization errors. The lower and upper bounds of the connectivity probability are also derived, which provide guidelines for the design and deployment of underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO networks. Monte Carlo simulations were performed, and the results validate the accuracy of the proposed model.

[1]  Zhi Sun,et al.  Multiple Frequency Band Channel Modeling and Analysis for Magnetic Induction Communication in Practical Underwater Environments , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[2]  Curt Schurgers,et al.  Real-time collaborative tracking for underwater networked systems , 2015, Ad Hoc Networks.

[3]  Liang Zhang,et al.  On Connectivity of Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks Using MI-assisted Acoustic Distributed Beamforming , 2019, WUWNet.

[4]  Vinay Kumar,et al.  Review on Clustering, Coverage and Connectivity in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Communication Techniques Perspective , 2017, IEEE Access.

[5]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  On capacity of magnetic induction-based wireless underground sensor networks , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[6]  Chien-Chi Kao,et al.  A Comprehensive Study on the Internet of Underwater Things: Applications, Challenges, and Channel Models † , 2017, Sensors.

[7]  H. T. Mouftah,et al.  A Survey of Architectures and Localization Techniques for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[8]  M.J. Ryan,et al.  Design of a Propagation-Delay-Tolerant MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks , 2009, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[9]  Rutuja Bhusari,et al.  Magnetic induction based cluster optimization in non-conventional WSNs: A cross layer approach , 2018, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications.

[10]  Bang Wang,et al.  A novel node sinking algorithm for 3D coverage and connectivity in underwater sensor networks , 2017, Ad Hoc Networks.

[11]  Maode Ma,et al.  ATCFS: Effective Connectivity Restoration Scheme for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks , 2019, IEEE Access.

[12]  Jamal N. Al-Karaki,et al.  The Optimal Deployment, Coverage, and Connectivity Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks: Revisited , 2017, IEEE Access.

[13]  Rajiv Kapoor,et al.  New scheme for underwater acoustically wireless transmission using direct sequence code division multiple access in MIMO systems , 2019, Wirel. Networks.

[14]  Mostafa A. Elhosseini,et al.  Deployment Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks, Coverage and Connectivity: A Survey , 2019, IEEE Access.

[15]  Xin Tan,et al.  Enabling Underwater Acoustic Cooperative MIMO Systems by Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction , 2019, 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[16]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[17]  M. C. Domingo,et al.  Magnetic Induction for Underwater Wireless Communication Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[18]  Hao Wang,et al.  Link Connectivity and Coverage of Underwater Cognitive Acoustic Networks under Spectrum Constraint , 2017, Sensors.

[19]  Kang Song,et al.  Resource allocation for relay-aided underwater acoustic sensor networks with energy harvesting , 2019, Phys. Commun..

[20]  Saurabh Ganeriwal,et al.  Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[21]  Michael Zuba,et al.  Challenges and Opportunities of Underwater Cognitive Acoustic Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing.

[22]  Curt Schurgers,et al.  Real-time collaborative tracking for underwater networked systems , 2012, WUWNet '12.

[23]  Keyvan Zarifi,et al.  Distributed Beamforming for Wireless Sensor Networks With Improved Graph Connectivity and Energy Efficiency , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[24]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Realizing underwater communication through magnetic induction , 2015, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[25]  Faisal Karim Shaikh,et al.  Underwater Sensor Network Applications: A Comprehensive Survey , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[26]  Jian Zhang,et al.  Frequency-Domain Turbo Equalization with Soft Successive Interference Cancellation for Single Carrier MIMO Underwater Acoustic Communications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[27]  Xiang Cheng,et al.  Cooperative MIMO channel models: A survey , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[28]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Dynamic Connectivity in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[29]  Milica Stojanovic,et al.  On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel , 2006, Underwater Networks.

[30]  Dong Yue,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Reliable Data Transmission Scheme for Complex Environmental Monitoring in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.