Neogene vegetation of peninsular India

The Neogene vegetation of peninsular India has been analysed on the basis of which some broad conclusions have been derived. During the Neogene Period the whole of peninsular India was covered by luxuriant tropical evergreen to deciduous forests. Occurrence of Dipterocarpaceae from East to West and North to South alongwith other common elements suggests a more or less uniform warm tropical climate throughout the peninsula. A gradual decrease in rainfall during Neogene due to northward shift of the Indian peninsula from equator and growing continentality caused by the rise of Himalayan mountains is decipherable. Further decrease in rainfall towards the end of Neogene is evidenced by the complete eradication of dipterocarps and the appearance of dry or desertic conditions towards the end of Pliocene in the western (Gujarat and Rajasthan) and south-eastern (Cuddalore) part of the peninsula is noticeable. Large scale migration and admixture of floras took place between the Indian peninsula, south-east Asia and Africa due to establishment of land connections by the Neogene. Widespread occurrence of Dipterocarpaceae and dominance of legumes together with Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae and Rosaceae, etc. distinguishes the Neogene flora of peninsular India from the Palaeogene.

[1]  Alpana Singh,et al.  The Neyveli lignite deposits (Cauvery basin), India: organic composition, age and depositional pattern , 1992 .

[2]  R. Saxena.  Neyveli lignites and associated sediments-their palynology, palaeoecology, correlation and age , 1991, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[3]  B. Misra.  Genesis of Indian Tertiary coals and lignites: a biopetrological and palaeobotanical view point , 1991, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[4]  J. S. Guleria.  A semi-ring porous fossil wood of Ziziphus from the Late Tertiary of Rajasthan , 1990, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[5]  J. Guleria.  African elements in the Upper Tertiary flora of Rajasthan, western India. , 1990 .

[6]  R. Srivastava,et al.  Additions to the Neogene flora of Kerala Coast, India , 1990 .

[7]  N. Awasthi,et al.  Some new carbonised woods from Neogene of Kerala coast and their bearing on palaeoclimate , 1989, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[8]  R. Mehrotra,et al.  Some fossil woods from Tipam Sandstone of Assam and Nagaland , 1989, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[9]  N. Shinde,et al.  Fruits of Nyssa and Eugeissona from lignitic exposures of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra. , 1989 .

[10]  R. Srivastava,et al.  Canarium palaeoluzonicum, a new fossil wood from the Neogene of Kerala with remarks on the nomenclature of fossil woods of Burseraceae , 1988, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[11]  N. Awasthi.  Occurance of Bischofia and antiaris in namasang beds (miocene-Pliocene) near Deomali, Arunachal Pradesh, with remarks on the identification of fossil woods referred to Bischofia , 1988, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[12]  R. Srivastava,et al.  Leaf cuticles from the neyveli lignite of India , 1988, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[13]  M. Bandé,et al.  Late Cenozoic plant-impressions from Mahuadanr valley, Palamu District, Bihar , 1988, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[14]  G. Srivastava,et al.  Fossil woods of Guttiferae (Kayea) and Lauraceae from the tertiary of West Bengal , 1988 .

[15]  V. P. Mishra,et al.  Fossil wood resembling Sindora from the Tertiary of Palamau District, Bihar , 1987 .

[16]  N. Awasthi.  Fossil wood of Xanthophyllum from the Cuddalore Sandstone near Pondicherry , 1986, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[17]  N. Awasthi,et al.  A carnonised wood resembling Parinari from the Neyveli Lignite deposits, India , 1986, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[18]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods of Kingiodendron and Bauhinia from the Namsang beds of Deomali, Arunachal Pradesh , 1986, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[19]  M. Bandé,et al.  The genus Phyllanthus from the Tertiary of India with critical remarks on the nomenclature of fossil woods of Euphorbiaceae , 1986, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[20]  C. L. Verma,et al.  Palm cuticle from Neyveli lignite, South India , 1986 .

[21]  N. Awasthi,et al.  Studies on some more carbonised woods from the Neogene of Kerala Coast, India , 1984, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[22]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  The fossil floras of Kachchh. III - Tertiary megafossils , 1984, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[23]  J. S. Guleria.  Occurrence of Anacardiaceous woods in the Tertiary of Western India , 1984, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[24]  G. Srivastava,et al.  Occurrence of Araucarian wood from the Neogene of West Bengal, India , 1984, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[25]  N. Awasthi.  Studies on some carbonised woods from the Neyveli lignite deposits, India , 1984 .

[26]  T. Satyanarayana,et al.  Terminalioxylon ghoshii sp. nov. from Pangidi in Andhra Pradesh, India , 1984 .

[27]  M. N. Gururaja,et al.  Algal genus Aethesolithon from Neogene of Little Andaman Island , 1984 .

[28]  J. S. Guleria.  Leguminous woods from the Tertiary of District Kachchh, Gujarat, Western India , 1983, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[29]  J. S. Guleria.  Some fossil woods from the Tertiary of Kachchh, Western India , 1983, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[30]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  A preliminary appraisal of the Tertiary megaflora of Kachchh district, Gujarat, Western India , 1983 .

[31]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  Two new fossil woods of Sapindaceae from the Tertiary of India , 1982, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[32]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  Plant remains from the Miocene of Kachchh, Western India , 1982, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[33]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  Leaf-impressions from the Eocene of Kachchh, Western India , 1981, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[34]  S. Roy,et al.  Fossil woods of Anacardiaceae from the Tertiary of West Bengal, India , 1981, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[35]  N. Awasthi.  Two new Dipterocarpaceous woods from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry , 1980, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[36]  M. Bandé,et al.  Some more fossil woods from the Tertiary of Burma , 1980, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[37]  J. S. Guleria,et al.  A fossil dicotyledonous wood from the Pliocene beds of Mothala, District Kutch, Western India , 1980, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[38]  N. Awasthi.  Three new Leguminous woods from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry , 1977, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[39]  N. Awasthi.  Revision of Hopeoxylon indicum Navale and Shoreoxylon speciosum Navale from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry , 1975, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[40]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods of Ougenia and Madhuca from the Tertiary of Assam , 1975, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[41]  N. Awasthi.  Revision of some dicotyledonous woods from the Tertiary of south India , 1973, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[42]  U. Prakash.  Fossil woods from the Lower Siwalik beds of Himachal Pradesh, India , 1973, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[43]  N. Awasthi.  Millettioxylon indicum Awasthi, a fossil wood of Leguminosae from the Cuddalore series of South India , 1973, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[44]  N. Awasthi.  Occurance of some dipterocarpaceous woods in the cuddalore series of South India , 1972, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[45]  A. K. Pal,et al.  Fossil algae from the lower miocene of cutch (India) , 1972, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[46]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods from the tertiary of Assam , 1972, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[47]  G. Navale.  Botanical resolution of some microstructures of nevyeli lignite, South India , 1972, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[48]  G. Navale.  Some contribution to the palaeobotany of Neyveli lignite, South India , 1971, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[49]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods of Careya and Barringtonia from the Tertiary of Assam , 1970, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[50]  R. N. Lakhanpal.  Tertiary Floras of India and Their Bearing on the Historical Geology of the Region , 1970 .

[51]  N. Awasthi.  Revision of some dipterocarpaceous woods previously described from the Tertiary of south India , 1969, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[52]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Hailakandi, Assam , 1969, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[53]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods from the Tipam sandstones near Hailakandi, Assam , 1969, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[54]  U. Prakash,et al.  Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India, 11 , 1969, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[55]  G. Navale.  Microfossil Analysis of Neyveli Lignite by Polished Surface Technique , 1967, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[56]  G. Navale.  Woody Tissue Resembling the woods of Ebenaceae in the Microstructure of Neyveli Lignite , 1967, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[57]  W. Müller‐Stoll,et al.  Die fossilen Leguminosen-Hölzer. Eine Revision der mit Leguminosen verglichenen fossilen Hölzer und Beschreibungen älterer und neuer Arten , 1967 .

[58]  C. Ramanujam.  A further investigation of the ligneous fossils of Combretaceae from South India , 1965, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[59]  U. Prakash.  Fossil Dicotyledonous woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India , 1965, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[60]  R. N. Lakhanpal,et al.  Fossil woods of Calophyllum from the Tertiary of South India , 1964, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[61]  R. N. Lakhanpal,et al.  Mesuoxylon arcotense gen. et. sp. nov., A fossil dicotyledonous wood from the Tertiary of South Arcot District, Madras, India , 1963, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[62]  G. Navale.  Ailanthoxylon pondicherriense sp.nov. from Tertiary beds of the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India , 1963, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[63]  U. Prakash,et al.  Terminalioxylon chowdhurii sp. nov.: A new fossil dicotyledonous wood from the Tertiary rocks of Assam , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[64]  G. Navale.  Anogeissusoxylon indicum gen. et sp. nov. from the Tertiary rocks near Pondicherry, India , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[65]  G. Navale.  Fossil woods of Leguminosae from Tertiary rocks of the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[66]  G. Navale.  Some silicified Dipterocarpaceous woods from Tertiary beds of the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[67]  G. Navale.  Castanoxylon gen. nov. from Tertiary beds of the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[68]  R. Eyde.  A Shoreoxylon and two other Tertiary woods from the Garo Hills, Assam , 1962, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[69]  C. Ramanujam.  A fossil dicotyledonous wood resembling the modern Tamarindus from the Tertiary rocks of South Arcot district, Madras , 1959, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[70]  G. Navale.  Occurrence of fossil Cynometra from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India , 1958, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[71]  G. Navale.  Sapindoxylon indicum sp. nov., a new fossil wood from the Tertiary beds of South India , 1956, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[72]  C. Ramanujam..  On the occurrence of fossil wood of Sonneratia : Sonneratioxylon dakshinense sp. nov from the Tertiary of South Arcot district, Madras , 1956, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[73]  G. Navale.  On two new species of Terminalioxylon schonfeld from the Tertiary beds of South India , 1955, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[74]  C. Ramanujam..  On some silicified woods from near Pondicherry, South India , 1954, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[75]  C. Ramanujam..  On two new species of Mesembrioxylon from the Vicinity of Pondicherry, South India , 1953, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[76]  C. Ramanujam..  Palmoxylon Arcotense sp. nov., a fossil palm resembling the living genus Livistona, from South India , 1953, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[77]  R. N. Lakhanpal.  Nipa Sahnii, a palm fruit in the Tertiary of Assam , 1952, Journal of Palaeosciences.

[78]  K. A. Chowdhury.  Some More Fossil Woods of Glutoxylon from South-east Asia , 1952 .

[79]  B. MichaelBobbitt.  A Manual of the Geology of India and Burma. Third edition, vol.i revised and largely re-written by the late Sir Edwin H. Pascoe. Delhi, Manager of Publications, 1950. xvi + 483 pages. Rs. 20 (authorized sterling price, 30s.). , 1951, Geological Magazine.

[80]  K. A. Chowdhury.  A Fossil Dicotyledonous Wood from Assam , 1936 .