CHARACTERIZING THE CIRCUMGALACTIC MEDIUM OF NEARBY GALAXIES WITH HST/COS AND HST/STIS ABSORPTION-LINE SPECTROSCOPY*

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) of late-type galaxies is characterized using UV spectroscopy of 11 targeted QSO/galaxy pairs at z ≤ 0.02 with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) and ~60 serendipitous absorber/galaxy pairs at z ≤ 0.2 with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. CGM warm cloud properties are derived, including volume filling factors of 3%-5%, cloud sizes of 0.1-30 kpc, masses of 10-108 M ☉, and metallicities of ~0.1-1 Z ☉. Almost all warm CGM clouds within 0.5 R vir are metal-bearing and many have velocities consistent with being bound, "galactic fountain" clouds. For galaxies with L 0.1 L*, the total mass in these warm CGM clouds approaches 1010 M ☉, ~10%-15% of the total baryons in massive spirals and comparable to the baryons in their parent galaxy disks. This leaves 50% of massive spiral-galaxy baryons "missing." Dwarfs (<0.1 L*) have smaller area covering factors and warm CGM masses (≤5% baryon fraction), suggesting that many of their warm clouds escape. Constant warm cloud internal pressures as a function of impact parameter (P/k ~ 10 cm–3 K) support the inference that previous COS detections of broad, shallow O VI and Lyα absorptions are of an extensive (~400-600 kpc), hot (T ≈ 106 K), intra-cloud gas which is very massive (≥1011 M ☉). While the warm CGM clouds cannot account for all the "missing baryons" in spirals, the hot intra-group gas can, and could account for ~20% of the cosmic baryon census at z ~ 0 if this hot gas is ubiquitous among spiral groups.

[1]  J. Shull,et al.  Metallicity and Ionization in High-Velocity Cloud Complex C , 2006, astro-ph/0610729.

[2]  L. Chomiuk,et al.  TOWARD A UNIFICATION OF STAR FORMATION RATE DETERMINATIONS IN THE MILKY WAY AND OTHER GALAXIES , 2011, 1110.4105.

[3]  K. Freeman,et al.  The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation , 1999, The Astrophysical journal.

[4]  M. Boylan-Kolchin,et al.  ON THE HOT GAS CONTENT OF THE MILKY WAY HALO , 2012, 1211.0758.

[5]  U. N. Dame,et al.  A High-Resolution Survey of Low-Redshift QSO Absorption Lines: Statistics and Physical Conditions of O VI Absorbers , 2007, 0706.1214.

[6]  Distances and Metallicities of High- and Intermediate-Velocity Clouds , 2001, astro-ph/0102147.

[7]  J. Stocke,et al.  A Direct Detection of Gas Accretion: The Lyman Limit System in 3C 232 , 2010, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

[8]  Michael E. Anderson,et al.  DO HOT HALOS AROUND GALAXIES CONTAIN THE MISSING BARYONS? , 2010, 1003.3273.

[9]  G. Tagliaferri,et al.  Accepted for Publication in The Astrophysical Journal Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 10/09/06 X-RAY ABSORPTION BY WHIM IN THE SCULPTOR WALL , 2022 .

[10]  M. Fukugita,et al.  THE COSMIC BARYON BUDGET , 1997, astro-ph/9712020.

[11]  B. Savage,et al.  COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH AND FUSE OBSERVATIONS OF T ∼ 105 K GAS IN A NEARBY GALAXY FILAMENT , 2010, 1008.2797.

[12]  R. Weymann,et al.  New observations with the HST Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the low-redshift Lyman-Alpha clouds in the 3C 273 line of sight , 1995 .

[13]  P. Salucci,et al.  The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies II: the dark matter distribution out to the virial radius , 2007 .

[14]  A. Evrard,et al.  The baryon content of galaxy clusters: a challenge to cosmological orthodoxy , 1993, Nature.

[15]  UCOLick,et al.  UBIQUITOUS OUTFLOWS IN DEEP2 SPECTRA OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z = 1.4 , 2008, 0804.4686.

[16]  R. Gilliland,et al.  First results from the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph - The Galactic halo and the Ly-alpha forest at low redshift in 3C 273 , 1991 .

[17]  B. Savage,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERGALACTIC H i/O vi AND NEARBY (z < 0.017) GALAXIES , 2009, 0903.2259.

[18]  B. Gibson,et al.  Hα Emission from High-Velocity Clouds and Their Distances , 2003, astro-ph/0307509.

[19]  J. Bregman.  The Search for the Missing Baryons at Low Redshift , 2007, 0706.1787.

[20]  Leiden University,et al.  Properties of gas in and around galaxy haloes , 2011, 1111.5039.

[21]  J. Xavier Prochaska,et al.  NOT DEAD YET: COOL CIRCUMGALACTIC GAS IN THE HALOS OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES , 2012, 1209.5442.

[22]  R. Bouwens,et al.  THE GALAXY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION DURING THE REIONIZATION EPOCH , 2010, 1004.0384.

[23]  Absorption-Line Systems and Galaxies in Front of the Second-brightest Quasar, PHL 1811 , 2003, astro-ph/0303396.

[24]  J. Cooke,et al.  HALO GAS AND GALAXY DISK KINEMATICS OF A VOLUME-LIMITED SAMPLE OF Mg ii ABSORPTION-SELECTED GALAXIES AT z ∼ 0.1 , 2011, 1102.4339.

[25]  David N. Spergel,et al.  High-Velocity Clouds: Building Blocks of the Local Group , 1998, astro-ph/9803251.

[26]  E. Tolstoy,et al.  The Absence of Diffuse Gas around the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Leo I , 1996, astro-ph/9608189.

[27]  J. Schaye.  Model-independent Insights into the Nature of the Lyα Forest and the Distribution of Matter in the Universe , 2001, astro-ph/0104272.

[28]  A. Aguirre,et al.  Metallicity of the Intergalactic Medium Using Pixel Statistics. I. Method , 2002, astro-ph/0207119.

[29]  R. Davé,et al.  Galaxies in a simulated ΛCDM Universe – I. Cold mode and hot cores , 2008, 0809.1430.

[30]  J. Michael Shull,et al.  BROAD H i ABSORBERS AS METALLICITY-INDEPENDENT TRACERS OF THE WARM-HOT INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM , 2009, 0912.1603.

[31]  N. Gehrels.  Confidence limits for small numbers of events in astrophysical data , 1986 .

[32]  H. W. Moos,et al.  Highly Ionized High-Velocity Gas in the Vicinity of the Galaxy , 2002, astro-ph/0207562.

[33]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: POWER SPECTRA AND WMAP-DERIVED PARAMETERS , 2010, 1001.4635.

[34]  Tully–Fisher relations from an H i-selected sample , 2008 .

[35]  D. Ebbets,et al.  The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: on-orbit instrument performance , 2010, 1012.5827.

[36]  J. Christopher Howk,et al.  A Reservoir of Ionized Gas in the Galactic Halo to Sustain Star Formation in the Milky Way , 2011, Science.

[37]  M. Pettini,et al.  Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z ∼ 3 Lyman Break Galaxies , 2003, astro-ph/0301230.

[38]  C. Carilli,et al.  Absorption-Line Study of Halo Gas in NGC 3067 toward the Background Quasar 3C 232 , 2004, astro-ph/0409448.

[39]  W. Cash,et al.  DETECTING THE WARM–HOT INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM THROUGH X-RAY ABSORPTION LINES , 2011, 1112.1418.

[40]  G. Ferland,et al.  CLOUDY 90: Numerical Simulation of Plasmas and Their Spectra , 1998 .

[41]  The Hubble Space Telescope Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. XIII. A Census of Absorption-Line Systems at Low Redshift , 1998, astro-ph/9805148.

[42]  M. Peeples,et al.  Constraints on star formation driven galaxy winds from the mass–metallicity relation at z= 0 , 2010, 1007.3743.

[43]  B. Savage,et al.  Discovery of Highly Ionized High-Velocity Clouds toward Markarian 509 , 1995 .

[44]  Ravi K. Sheth Giuseppe Tormen.  Large scale bias and the peak background split , 1999 .

[45]  MIT,et al.  Confirming the Detection of an Intergalactic X-Ray Absorber toward PKS 2155–304 , 2007, 0708.1800.

[46]  L. Hernquist,et al.  SEEDING THE FORMATION OF COLD GASEOUS CLOUDS IN MILKY WAY-SIZE HALOS , 2009, 0905.2186.

[47]  Allan Sandage,et al.  Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies , 1980 .

[48]  F. Martinache,et al.  THE USE OF SPATIAL FILTERING WITH APERTURE MASKING INTERFEROMETRY AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS , 2012 .

[49]  Piero Madau,et al.  RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A CLUMPY UNIVERSE. IV. NEW SYNTHESIS MODELS OF THE COSMIC UV/X-RAY BACKGROUND , 2011, 1105.2039.

[50]  X-RAY PROPERTIES OF GROUPS OF GALAXIES , 2000, astro-ph/0009379.

[51]  T. Lauer,et al.  THE PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY , 2012, 1204.0010.

[52]  The Environment of Lyman- alpha Absorbers in the Sight Line toward 3C 273 , 1993, astro-ph/9307005.

[53]  V. Narayanan,et al.  Color Separation of Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data , 2001, astro-ph/0107201.

[54]  Mario Mateo,et al.  DWARF GALAXIES OF THE LOCAL GROUP , 1998, astro-ph/9810070.

[55]  Kevin France,et al.  The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph , 1998 .

[56]  C. Danforth,et al.  The Low-z Intergalactic Medium. III. H I and Metal Absorbers at z < 0.4 , 2007, 0709.4030.

[57]  S. Penton,et al.  HST/COS OBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS: FOUR ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS SIGHT LINES THROUGH COMPLEX C , 2011, 1105.2323.

[58]  B. Savage,et al.  The Diversity of High- and Intermediate-Velocity Clouds: Complex C versus IV Arch , 2001, astro-ph/0105466.

[59]  Astronomy,et al.  DEMOGRAPHICS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS OUTFLOWS/INFLOWS AT 0.4 < z < 1.4 , 2012, 1206.5552.

[60]  L. Cowie,et al.  Heavy-element enrichment in low-density regions of the intergalactic medium , 1998, Nature.

[61]  B. Savage,et al.  FUSE and STIS Observations of the Warm-hot Intergalactic Medium toward PG 1259+593 , 2004, astro-ph/0403513.

[62]  Carnegie Observatories,et al.  Discovery of a Dwarf Poststarburst Galaxy near a High Column Density Local Lyα Absorber , 2004, astro-ph/0403042.

[63]  B. Savage,et al.  COS OBSERVATIONS OF METAL LINE AND BROAD LYMAN-α ABSORPTION IN THE MULTI-PHASE O vi AND Ne viii SYSTEM AT z = 0.20701 TOWARD HE 0226–4110 , 2011, 1111.1697.

[64]  Hsiao-Wen Chen,et al.  The Origin of C IV Absorption Systems at Redshifts z < 1: Discovery of Extended C IV Envelopes around Galaxies* , 2001, astro-ph/0104403.

[65]  Carnegie Observatories,et al.  PROBING THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM/GALAXY CONNECTION. V. ON THE ORIGIN OF Lyα AND O vi ABSORPTION AT z < 0.2 , 2011, 1103.1891.

[66]  J. Bland-Hawthorn,et al.  The Escape of Ionizing Photons from the Galaxy , 1998, astro-ph/9810469.

[67]  J. X. Prochaska,et al.  The Large, Oxygen-Rich Halos of Star-Forming Galaxies Are a Major Reservoir of Galactic Metals , 2011, Science.

[68]  K. Lanzetta,et al.  The gaseous extent of galaxies and the origin of Lyman-alpha absorption systems: A survey of galaxies in the fields of Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopic target QSOs , 1995 .

[69]  T. Heckman,et al.  Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds , 2000, astro-ph/0002526.

[70]  T. Fang,et al.  Hot Baryons and the Distribution of Metals in the Intergalactic Medium , 2005, astro-ph/0501543.

[71]  Hsiao-Wen Chen,et al.  ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 4/12/04 PROBING THE IGM-GALAXY CONNECTION AT Z < 0.5 I: A GALAXY SURVEY IN QSO FIELDS AND A GALAXY-ABSORBER CROSS-CORRELATION STUDY 1,2 , 2022 .

[72]  Britton D. Smith,et al.  THE BARYON CENSUS IN A MULTIPHASE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM: 30% OF THE BARYONS MAY STILL BE MISSING , 2011, 1112.2706.

[73]  R. Somerville,et al.  CONSTRAINTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STELLAR MASS AND HALO MASS AT LOW AND HIGH REDSHIFT , 2009, 0903.4682.

[74]  Probing the Intergalactic Medium-Galaxy Connection toward PKS 0405–123. I. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Metal-Line Systems , 2004, astro-ph/0408294.

[75]  M. E. Putman,et al.  Gaseous Galaxy Halos , 2012, 1207.4837.

[76]  R. Mushotzky.  X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies , 1984 .

[77]  R. Larson.  The Evolution of Spherical Protostars with Masses $0\cdot\,25\,{M}_{\odot}\,\text{TO}\,10\,{M}_{\odot}$ , 1972 .

[78]  W. M. Wood-Vasey,et al.  SDSS-III: MASSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEYS OF THE DISTANT UNIVERSE, THE MILKY WAY, AND EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS , 2011, 1101.1529.

[79]  C. Chiappini,et al.  Abundance Gradients and the Formation of the Milky Way , 2001, astro-ph/0102134.

[80]  J. Shull,et al.  Highly ionized high - velocity clouds toward PKS 2155-304 and Markarian 509 , 2003, astro-ph/0312105.

[81]  J. Prochaska,et al.  THE COS-HALOS SURVEY: AN EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTION OF METAL-LINE ABSORPTION IN THE LOW-REDSHIFT CIRCUMGALACTIC MEDIUM , 2012, 1212.0558.

[82]  J. Michael Shull,et al.  THE LOW-REDSHIFT INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AS SEEN IN ARCHIVAL LEGACY HST/STIS AND FUSE DATA , 2012, 1204.3623.

[83]  Columbia,et al.  THE CHANDRA DEEP PROTOCLUSTER SURVEY: Lyα BLOBS ARE POWERED BY HEATING, NOT COOLING , 2009, 0904.0452.

[84]  J. Stocke,et al.  The Hot Intergalactic Medium-Galaxy Connection: Two Strong O VI Absorbers in the Sight Line toward PG 1211+143 , 2004, astro-ph/0411277.

[85]  S. White,et al.  Galactic star formation and accretion histories from matching galaxies to dark matter haloes , 2012, 1205.5807.

[86]  Jessica L. Rosenberg,et al.  Discovery of a Metal-Line Absorber Associated with a Local Dwarf Starburst Galaxy , 2006, astro-ph/0608301.

[87]  C. Steidel.  The Nature and Evolution of Absorption—Selected Galaxies , 1995, astro-ph/9509098.

[88]  S. Mathur,et al.  A HUGE RESERVOIR OF IONIZED GAS AROUND THE MILKY WAY: ACCOUNTING FOR THE MISSING MASS? , 2012, 1205.5037.

[89]  C. Steidel,et al.  Low- and High-Ionization Absorption Properties of Mg II Absorption-selected Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts. II. Taxonomy, Kinematics, and Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0005586.

[90]  Michael E. Anderson,et al.  DETECTION OF A HOT GASEOUS HALO AROUND THE GIANT SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 1961 , 2011, 1105.4614.

[91]  J. Shull,et al.  HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE SURVEY OF INTERSTELLAR HIGH-VELOCITY Si iii , 2009, 0909.4900.

[92]  G. Weidenspointner,et al.  Radioactive 26Al from massive stars in the Galaxy , 2006, Nature.

[93]  C. Impey,et al.  A Study of Lyα Quasar Absorbers in the Nearby Universe , 1999, astro-ph/9905381.

[94]  J. Huchra,et al.  The luminosity function of the CfA Redshift Survey , 1994 .

[95]  B. Savage,et al.  The Relationship between Galaxies and Low-Redshift Weak Lyα Absorbers in the Directions of H1821+643 and PG 1116+215 , 1998, astro-ph/9806036.

[96]  Irap Toulouse,et al.  Physical properties of galactic winds using background quasars , 2011, 1110.5877.

[97]  Jon A. Holtzman,et al.  Star Formation Histories of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies , 2005 .

[98]  B. Savage,et al.  Far ultraviolet spectroscopy of the intergalactic and interstellar absorption toward 3c 273 , 2001, astro-ph/0108047.

[99]  T. Heckman,et al.  Ionized gas in the halos of edge-on starburst galaxies: Evidence for supernova-driven superwinds , 1996 .

[100]  S. Courteau,et al.  STELLAR POPULATIONS AND RADIAL MIGRATIONS IN VIRGO DISK GALAXIES , 2012, 1201.6361.

[101]  C. Steidel,et al.  HALO GAS AND GALAXY DISK KINEMATICS DERIVED FROM OBSERVATIONS AND ΛCDM SIMULATIONS OF Mg ii ABSORPTION-SELECTED GALAXIES AT INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT , 2009, 0912.2746.

[102]  S. S. Institute,et al.  Physical Properties, Baryon Content, and Evolution of the Lyα Forest: New Insights from High-Resolution Observations at z ≲ 0.4 , 2006, astro-ph/0612275.

[103]  George F. Hartig,et al.  The Hubble Space Telescope quasar absorption line key project. I - First observational results, including Lyman-alpha and Lyman-limit systems , 1993 .

[104]  C. Danforth,et al.  A LARGE RESERVOIR OF IONIZED GAS IN THE GALACTIC HALO: IONIZED SILICON IN HIGH-VELOCITY AND INTERMEDIATE-VELOCITY CLOUDS , 2009, 0904.4901.

[105]  The Galaxy Environment of O VI Absorption Systems , 2005, astro-ph/0509822.

[106]  G. Williger,et al.  The Heavy-Element Enrichment of Lyα Clouds in the Virgo Supercluster , 2002, astro-ph/0204204.

[107]  S. Penton,et al.  The Local Lyα Forest. II. Distribution of H I Absorbers,Doppler Widths, and Baryon Content , 1999, astro-ph/9911128.

[108]  V. Wild,et al.  WHAT DETERMINES THE INCIDENCE AND EXTENT OF Mg ii ABSORBING GAS AROUND GALAXIES? , 2010, 1011.0735.

[109]  M. Asplund,et al.  The chemical composition of the Sun , 2010 .

[110]  The Local Lyα Forest. III. Relationship between Lyα Absorbers and Galaxies, Voids, and Superclusters* , 2001, astro-ph/0109277.

[111]  A. Montero-Dorta,et al.  The SDSS DR6 luminosity functions of galaxies , 2008, 0806.4930.

[112]  L. Spitzer.  On a Possible Interstellar Galactic Corona. , 1956 .

[113]  B. Weiner,et al.  PROBING THE IGM/GALAXY CONNECTION. IV. THE LCO/WFCCD GALAXY SURVEY OF 20 FIELDS SURROUNDING UV-BRIGHT QUASARS , 2011, 1103.1890.

[114]  S. Penton,et al.  The Local Lyα Forest. I. Observations with the GHRS/G160M on the Hubble Space Telescope , 1999, astro-ph/9911117.

[115]  R. Cen,et al.  Where Are the Baryons , 1998, astro-ph/9806281.

[116]  S. Penton,et al.  THE DEARTH OF CHEMICALLY ENRICHED WARM-HOT CIRCUMGALACTIC GAS , 2010, 1005.0923.

[117]  B. Whitney,et al.  THE PRESENT-DAY STAR FORMATION RATE OF THE MILKY WAY DETERMINED FROM SPITZER-DETECTED YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS , 2010, 1001.3672.

[118]  B. Savage,et al.  A MULTIPHASE ABSORBER CONTAINING O vi AND BROAD H i DIRECTLY TRACING 106 K PLASMA AT LOW REDSHIFT TOWARD HE 0153−4520 , 2011, 1102.2850.

[119]  The enrichment history of baryons in the Universe , 2006, astro-ph/0608268.

[120]  The Low-Redshift Lyα Forest in Cold Dark Matter Cosmologies , 1998, astro-ph/9807177.

[121]  Resolving the Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos , 2000, astro-ph/0006343.