Iterative Detection for Channels With Memory By examining various approaches and techniques, this paper aims to help designers to create improved algorithms for communications over noisy channels with memory.

In this paper, we present an overview on the design of algorithms for iterative detection over channels with memory. The starting point for all the algorithms is the implementation of soft-input soft-ouput maximum a posteriori (MAP) symbol detection strategies for transmissions over channels encompassing unknown parameters, either stochas- tic or deterministic. The proposed solutions represent effective ways to reach this goal. The described algorithms are grouped into three categories: i) we first introduce algorithms for adaptive iterative detection, where the unknown channel parameters are explicitly estimated; ii) then, we consider finite-memory iterative detection algorithms, based on ad hoc truncation of the channel memory and often interpretable as based on an implicit estimation of the channel parameters; and iii) finally, we present a general detection-theoretic approach to derive optimal detection algorithms with polynomial com- plexity. A few illustrative numerical results are also presented.

[1]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Noncoherent iterative decoding of spectrally efficient coded modulations , 2001, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[2]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Adaptive soft-input soft-output algorithms for iterative detection with parametric uncertainty , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[3]  Justin Dauwels,et al.  Phase estimation by message passing , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577).

[4]  John Cocke,et al.  Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate (Corresp.) , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[5]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  A unified framework for finite-memory detection , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[6]  Brendan J. Frey,et al.  A Revolution: Belief Propagation in Graphs with Cycles , 1997, NIPS.

[7]  P. Takis Mathiopoulos,et al.  On the performance of iterative noncoherent detection of coded M-PSK signals , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[8]  Keith M. Chugg,et al.  Adaptive iterative detection for turbo codes on flat fading channels , 2000, 2000 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00TH8540).

[9]  Matthew C. Valenti,et al.  Refined channel estimation for coherent detection of turbo codes over flat-fading channels , 1998 .

[10]  Odile Macchi,et al.  A dynamic programming algorithm for simultaneous phase estimation and data decoding on random-phase channels , 1981, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[11]  Niclas Wiberg,et al.  Codes and Decoding on General Graphs , 1996 .

[12]  Evangelos Eleftheriou,et al.  Decoding of trellis-encoded signals in the presence of intersymbol interference and noise , 1989, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[13]  Kung Yao,et al.  An efficient and practical architecture for high speed turbo decoders , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[14]  Riccardo Raheli,et al.  Per-Survivor Processing: a general approach to MLSE in uncertain environments , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[15]  Andrew J. Viterbi,et al.  Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm , 1967, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[16]  Raimund Seidel,et al.  Constructing Arrangements of Lines and Hyperplanes with Applications , 1986, SIAM J. Comput..

[17]  Ronald A. Iltis A Bayesian Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation Algorithm for a priori Unknown Channels and Symbol Timing , 1992, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[18]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Adaptive iterative detection for phase tracking in turbo-coded systems , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[19]  Dariush Divsalar,et al.  Soft-input soft-output modules for the construction and distributed iterative decoding of code networks , 1998, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[20]  Peter A. Hoeher,et al.  "Turbo DPSK": iterative differential PSK demodulation and channel decoding , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[21]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Detection Algorithms for Wireless Communications: With Applications to Wired and Storage Systems , 2004 .

[22]  Thomas H. Cormen,et al.  Introduction to algorithms [2nd ed.] , 2001 .

[23]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  On LDPC codes over channels with memory , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[24]  Andreas Polydoros,et al.  MLSE for an unknown channel .I. Optimality considerations , 1996, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[25]  Brendan J. Frey,et al.  Factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm , 2001, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[26]  Desmond P. Taylor,et al.  Maximum likelihood decoding of uncoded and coded PSK signal sequences transmitted over Rayleigh flat-fading channels , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[27]  John H. Lodge,et al.  Maximum likelihood sequence estimation of CPM signals transmitted over Rayleigh flat-fading channels , 1990, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[28]  Mohamed-Slim Alouini,et al.  Digital Communication Over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis , 2000 .

[29]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Iterative Detection for Channels With Memory , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[30]  Alexandra Duel-Hallen,et al.  Delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation , 1989, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[31]  Wim Sweldens Fast block noncoherent decoding , 2001, IEEE Communications Letters.

[32]  Justin Dauwels,et al.  Joint decoding and phase estimation: an exercise in factor graphs , 2003, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, 2003. Proceedings..

[33]  Dimitrios Makrakis,et al.  Optimal decoding of coded PSK and QAM signals in correlated fast fading channels and AWGN: a combined envelope, multiple differential and coherent detection approach , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[34]  Yeheskel Bar-Ness,et al.  A parallel MAP algorithm for low latency turbo decoding , 2002, IEEE Communications Letters.

[35]  Gottfried Ungerboeck,et al.  Channel coding with multilevel/phase signals , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[36]  Rüdiger L. Urbanke,et al.  Design of capacity-approaching irregular low-density parity-check codes , 2001, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[37]  Kenneth M. Mackenthun,et al.  A fast algorithm for multiple-symbol differential detection of MPSK , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[38]  D. Rubin,et al.  Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM - algorithm plus discussions on the paper , 1977 .

[39]  Athanasios Papoulis,et al.  Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes , 1965 .

[40]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Design and analysis of joint data detection and frequency/phase estimation algorithms , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[41]  Wayne E. Stark,et al.  Unified design of iterative receivers using factor graphs , 2001, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[42]  Shahid U. H. Qureshi,et al.  Reduced-state sequence estimation with set partitioning and decision feedback , 1988, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[43]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Soft-Output Decoding of Rotationally Invariant Codes Over Channels With Phase Noise , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[44]  Subbarayan Pasupathy,et al.  Innovations-based MLSE for Rayleigh fading channels , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[45]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Joint Iterative Detection and Decoding in the Presence of Phase Noise and Frequency Offset , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[46]  James A. Ritcey,et al.  A factor graph approach to iterative channel estimation and LDPC decoding over fading channels , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[47]  Robert G. Gallager,et al.  Low-density parity-check codes , 1962, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[48]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  On the application of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm to ISI channels , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[49]  Jr. G. Forney,et al.  The viterbi algorithm , 1973 .

[50]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Optimal Joint Detection/Estimation in Fading Channels With Polynomial Complexity , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[51]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  A comparison of forward-only and bi-directional fixed-lag adaptive SISOs , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000. Global Convergence Through Communications. Conference Record.

[52]  Keith M. Chugg The condition for the applicability of the Viterbi algorithm with implications for fading channel MLSD , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[53]  Jung-Fu Cheng,et al.  Turbo Decoding as an Instance of Pearl's "Belief Propagation" Algorithm , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[54]  Thomas Kailath,et al.  Correlation detection of signals perturbed by a random channel , 1960, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[55]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Polynomial-complexity noncoherent symbol-by-symbol detection with application to adaptive iterative decoding of turbo-like codes , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[56]  David J. C. MacKay,et al.  Good Error-Correcting Codes Based on Very Sparse Matrices , 1997, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[57]  Robert J. McEliece,et al.  The generalized distributive law , 2000, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[58]  Robert Michael Tanner,et al.  A recursive approach to low complexity codes , 1981, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[59]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Reduced-state BCJR-type algorithms , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[60]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Algorithms for iterative decoding in the presence of strong phase noise , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[61]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Design and robustness analysis of rotationally invariant SCTCM , 2001, ICC 2001. IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37240).

[62]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Adaptive iterative detection for the phase-uncertain channel: limited-tree-search versus truncated-memory detection , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[63]  Dariush Divsalar,et al.  Serial concatenated trellis coded modulation with rate-1 inner code , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[64]  Alain Glavieux,et al.  Reflections on the Prize Paper : "Near optimum error-correcting coding and decoding: turbo codes" , 1998 .

[65]  Daniel A. Spielman,et al.  Efficient erasure correcting codes , 2001, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[66]  I. S. Gradshteyn,et al.  Table of Integrals, Series, and Products , 1976 .

[67]  Keith M. Chugg,et al.  On forward-adaptive versus forward/backward-adaptive SISO algorithms for Rayleigh fading channels , 2001, IEEE Communications Letters.

[68]  S. Shamai,et al.  Iterative decoding for coded noncoherent MPSK communications over phase-noisy AWGN channel , 2000 .

[69]  A. Glavieux,et al.  Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. 1 , 1993, Proceedings of ICC '93 - IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[70]  Upamanyu Madhow,et al.  Joint noncoherent demodulation and decoding for the block fading channel: a practical framework for approaching Shannon capacity , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[71]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Maximum likelihood decoding of trellis codes in fading channels with no receiver CSI is a polynomial-complexity problem , 2004, International Symposium onInformation Theory, 2004. ISIT 2004. Proceedings..

[72]  Richard D. Wesel,et al.  Pilot-aided joint data and channel estimation in flat correlated fading , 1999, Seamless Interconnection for Universal Services. Global Telecommunications Conference. GLOBECOM'99. (Cat. No.99CH37042).

[73]  P. Mathiopoulos,et al.  Optimal detection of coded differentially encoded QAM and PSK signals with diversity reception in correlated fast Rician fading channels , 1993 .

[74]  R. Clarke A statistical theory of mobile-radio reception , 1968 .

[75]  Hans-Andrea Loeliger,et al.  Codes and iterative decoding on general graphs , 1995, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[76]  Evaggelos Geraniotis,et al.  Low-complexity joint channel estimation and decoding for pilot symbol-assisted modulation and multiple differential detection systems with correlated Rayleigh fading , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[77]  Brendan J. Frey,et al.  Iterative Decoding of Compound Codes by Probability Propagation in Graphical Models , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[78]  Thomas Kailath,et al.  A general likelihood-ratio formula for random signals in Gaussian noise , 1969, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[79]  Tor Aulin,et al.  Digital Phase Modulation , 1986, Applications of Communications Theory.

[80]  P. Takis Mathiopoulos,et al.  Multiple Differential Detection of Parallel Concatenated Convolutional (Turbo) Codes in Correlated Fast Rayleigh Fading , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[81]  Achilleas Anastasopoulos,et al.  Iterative Detection: Adaptivity, Complexity Reduction, and Applications , 2000 .

[82]  Giulio Colavolpe,et al.  Noncoherent sequence detection , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[83]  Heinrich Meyr,et al.  On sampling rate, analog prefiltering, and sufficient statistics for digital receivers , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..