Personality in cyberspace: personal Web sites as media for personality expressions and impressions.

This research examined the personality of owners of personal Web sites based on self-reports, visitors' ratings, and the content of the Web sites. The authors compared a large sample of Web site owners with population-wide samples on the Big Five dimensions of personality. Controlling for demographic differences, the average Web site owner reported being slightly less extraverted and more open to experience. Compared with various other samples, Web site owners did not generally differ on narcissism, self-monitoring, or self-esteem, but gender differences on these traits were often smaller in Web site owners. Self-other agreement was highest with Openness to Experience, but valid judgments of all Big Five dimensions were derived from Web sites providing rich information. Visitors made use of quantifiable features of the Web site to infer personality, and the cues they utilized partly corresponded to self-reported traits.

[1]  E. Brunswik Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments , 1957 .

[2]  Jacob Cohen Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[3]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Personality at the crossroads : current issues in interactional psychology , 1977 .

[4]  J. Tedeschi Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research , 1981 .

[5]  Robert M. Arkin,et al.  15 – Self-Presentation Styles , 1981 .

[6]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation , 1983 .

[7]  J. Fleming,et al.  The dimensionality of self-esteem. II: Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales , 1984 .

[8]  R. Lennox,et al.  Revision of the self-monitoring scale. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  R. Raskin,et al.  A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Interpersonal Perception: A Social Relations Analysis , 1988 .

[11]  P. Lachenbruch Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[12]  John E. Hunter,et al.  Methods of Meta-Analysis , 1989 .

[13]  L. A. Pervin Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research , 1992 .

[14]  Peter Borkenau,et al.  Consensus and Self‐Other Agreement for Trait Inferences from Minimal Information , 1993 .

[15]  D. Funder,et al.  Behavioral manifestations of personality: an ecological approach to judgmental accuracy. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  P. Borkenau,et al.  Convergence of stranger ratings of personality and intelligence with self-ratings, partner ratings, and measured intelligence. , 1993 .

[17]  A. Feingold,et al.  Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  Zur Taxonomie deutscher Dispositionsbegriffe , 1994 .

[19]  D. Funder On the accuracy of personality judgment: a realistic approach. , 1995, Psychological review.

[20]  Mike Godwin,et al.  High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace , 1996 .

[21]  S. Turkle Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet , 1997 .

[22]  O. John,et al.  Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed. , 1999 .

[23]  Angelika Storrer,et al.  Was ist eigentlich eine Homepage? : neue Formen der Wissensorganisation im World Wide Web , 1999 .

[24]  Patricia Wallace The Psychology of the Internet , 1999 .

[25]  S. Srivastava,et al.  The Big Five Trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. , 1999 .

[26]  John A. Johnson Predicting observers' ratings of the big five from the CPI, HPI, and NEO–PI–R: a comparative validity study , 2000 .

[27]  F. Lang,et al.  Testgüte und psychometrische Äquivalenz der deutschen Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI) bei jungen, mittelalten und alten Erwachsenen , 2001 .

[28]  C. Morf,et al.  Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model , 2001 .

[29]  Kim Bartel Sheehan,et al.  E-mail Survey Response Rates: A Review , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[30]  Karl-Heinz Renner,et al.  Self-Monitoring und Authentizität: Die verkannten Selbstdarsteller , 2002 .

[31]  Zizi Papacharissi The Presentation of Self in Virtual Life: Characteristics of Personal Home Pages , 2002 .

[32]  S. Gosling,et al.  A room with a cue: personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Zizi Papacharissi The Self Online: The Utility of Personal Home Pages , 2002 .

[34]  Nicola Döring,et al.  Personal Home Pages on the Web: A Review of Research , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[35]  D. K. Marcus,et al.  Are there sex differences in interpersonal perception at zero acquaintance? A social relations analysis. , 2002 .

[37]  S. Gosling,et al.  A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains , 2003 .

[38]  Identitäten im Internet , 2004 .

[39]  Astrid Schütz,et al.  Die Messung von Narzissmus als Persönlichkeitskonstrukt: Psychometrische Eigenschaften einer Lang- und einer Kurzform des Deutschen NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) , 2004 .

[40]  S. Gosling,et al.  e-Perceptions : Personality Impressions Based on Personal Websites , 2004 .

[41]  Identitäten im Internet : Selbstdarstellung auf privaten Homepages , 2004 .

[42]  Astrid Schütz,et al.  Who are the people reluctant to participate in research? Personality correlates of four different types of nonresponse as inferred from self- and observer ratings. , 2005, Journal of personality.

[43]  Stanley Presser,et al.  Changes in Telephone Survey Nonresponse over the Past Quarter Century , 2005 .