Collaborative Learning with Virtual Entities

This paper describes strategies to support collaborative learning using virtual entities simulating the performance of competent peers in the interaction with students, in order to extend the Zone of Proximal Development. It is exemplified how those entities can be materialized in learning management systems and immersive learning environments, and some limitations and challenges are discussed, signaling the potential of this research field for education.

[1]  Jean Piaget Piaget’s Theory , 1976 .

[2]  L. Vygotsky Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes: Harvard University Press , 1978 .

[3]  B. Bloom The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring , 1984 .

[4]  James C. Lester,et al.  The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents , 1997, CHI.

[5]  R. Mayer,et al.  A Split-Attention Effect in Multimedia Learning: Evidence for Dual Processing Systems in Working Memory , 1998 .

[6]  P. Dillenbourg What do you mean by collaborative learning , 1999 .

[7]  J. Cassell,et al.  Embodied conversational agents , 2000 .

[8]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  AutoTutor: an intelligent tutoring system with mixed-initiative dialogue , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Education.

[9]  Flávia de Almeida Barros,et al.  iAIML: a Mechanism to Treat Intentionality in AIML Chatterbots , 2006, 2006 18th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI'06).

[10]  Yanghee Kim,et al.  Desirable Characteristics of Learning Companions , 2007, Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ..

[11]  Susan Bull,et al.  Bringing chatbots into education: Towards natural language negotiation of open learner models , 2006, Knowl. Based Syst..

[12]  David J. H. Burden Deploying embodied AI into virtual worlds , 2009, Knowl. Based Syst..

[13]  Leonel Morgado Interconnecting virtual worlds , 2009 .

[14]  G. Vergnaud,et al.  The Theory of Conceptual Fields , 2009, Human Development.

[15]  Stephen Crown,et al.  Ann G. Neering: Interactive Chatbot To Motivate And Engage Engineering Students , 2010 .

[16]  Supratip Ghose,et al.  Toward the implementation of a topic specific dialogue based natural language chatbot as an undergraduate advisor , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV).

[17]  Christian Gütl,et al.  Implementing Intelligent Pedagogical Agents in virtual worlds: Tutoring natural science experiments in OpenWonderland , 2013, 2013 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON).

[18]  Carlos Delgado Kloos,et al.  Collaborative learning in multi-user virtual environments , 2013, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[19]  Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco,et al.  Supporting Problem-Solving in Mathematics with a Conversational Agent Capable of Representing Gifted Students' Knowledge , 2014, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[20]  Charles E. Hughes Human Surrogates: Remote Presence for Collaboration and Education in Smart Cities , 2014, EMASC '14.

[21]  W. R. Ford,et al.  Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human-human online conversations and human-chatbot conversations , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[22]  John Woods,et al.  Survey on Chatbot Design Techniques in Speech Conversation Systems , 2015 .

[23]  Johanna Pirker,et al.  Individual versus collaborative learning in a virtual world , 2016, 2016 39th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO).

[24]  Robert Dale,et al.  The return of the chatbots , 2016, Natural Language Engineering.

[25]  Kenneth Y. T. Lim,et al.  Effectiveness of collaborative learning with 3D virtual worlds , 2017, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[26]  Yi Mou,et al.  The media inequality: Comparing the initial human-human and human-AI social interactions , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[27]  Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco,et al.  Learning Principles of Electricity Through Experiencing in Virtual Worlds , 2017, iLRN.

[28]  Davide Fossati,et al.  Interactions of Individual and Pair Programmers with an Intelligent Tutoring System for Computer Science , 2017, SIGCSE.

[29]  Tao Xie,et al.  Impact of Prompting Agents on Task Completion in the Virtual World , 2017, Int. J. Online Eng..

[30]  Luke K. Fryer,et al.  Stimulating and sustaining interest in a language course: An experimental comparison of Chatbot and Human task partners , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..