Flavour characteristics of Spanish and Iranian saffron analysed by electronic tongue

In this study, a portable electronic tongue was developed and successfully used to distinguish and to discriminate quality of saffron samples. The proposed system consisted of an array of voltammetric sensors based on screen-printed electrodes (SPE), where the working electrodes were of different chemical natures (e.g. carbon, gold and modified carbon electrode). Moreover, the carbon electrodes were chemically modified by electrocatalytic copper phthalocyanine derivatives. The electrodes were immersed in saffron infusions to produce complex voltammetric curves that were characterised for each saffron sample. The electrochemical signals provided by the array showed good correlations with the data obtained from traditional chemical analysis, in particular with the kaempferol, a flavonol with antioxidant activity. The calibration model was optimised using more meaningful description of factors. Finally, discriminant analysis showed that the proposed e-tongue based on SPEs modified with phthalocyanine is usef...

[1]  M. Carmona,et al.  Synergic effect of water-soluble components on the coloring strength of saffron spice , 2011 .

[2]  R. A. Dar,et al.  Evaluation of antioxidant activity of crocin, podophyllotoxin and kaempferol by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays , 2017 .

[3]  G. Pioggia,et al.  A composite sensor array impedentiometric electronic tongue Part I. Characterization. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  Amaya Zalacain,et al.  Near-infrared spectroscopy in saffron quality control: determination of chemical composition and geographical origin. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[5]  A. Castillo-Villanueva,et al.  Chemical Composition of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from Four Countries , 2004 .

[6]  G. Alonso,et al.  Determination of free amino acids and ammonium ion in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from different geographical origins , 2009 .

[7]  Agustín Costa-García,et al.  Manufacture and evaluation of carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrodes as electrochemical tools. , 2007, Talanta.

[8]  K. Heidarbeigi,et al.  Detection of Adulteration in Saffron Samples Using Electronic Nose , 2015 .

[9]  Amaya Zalacain,et al.  Rapid determination of crocetin esters and picrocrocin from saffron spice (Crocus sativus L.) using UV-visible spectrophotometry for quality control. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[10]  A. Zalacain,et al.  Waste grape skins thermal dehydration: potential release of colour, phenolic and aroma compounds into wine , 2012 .

[11]  M. A. Alonso-Lomillo,et al.  Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications. , 2007, Talanta.

[12]  J. Saja,et al.  Application of an electronic tongue to study the effect of the use of pieces of wood and micro-oxygenation in the aging of red wine , 2010 .

[13]  G G Guilbault,et al.  Prussian Blue bulk modified screen-printed electrodes for H(2)O(2) detection and for biosensors. , 2001, Talanta.

[14]  Antonio Riul,et al.  Recent advances in electronic tongues. , 2010, The Analyst.

[15]  Tebello Nyokong,et al.  Comparison of carbon screen-printed and disk electrodes in the detection of antioxidants using CoPc derivatives , 2012 .

[16]  P. Gramatica,et al.  13-cis-Crocin: A new crocinoid of saffron. , 1984 .

[17]  Fredrik Winquist,et al.  Voltammetric electronic tongues – basic principles and applications , 2008 .

[18]  Amaya Zalacain,et al.  Analysis of saffron volatile fraction by TD–GC–MS and e-nose , 2006 .

[19]  Elizabeth A. Baldwin,et al.  Electronic Noses and Tongues: Applications for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries , 2011, Sensors.

[20]  Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti,et al.  Potential application of electronic nose technology in brewery , 2011 .

[21]  P. Winterhalter,et al.  SAFFRON—RENEWED INTEREST IN AN ANCIENT SPICE , 2000 .

[22]  Patrycja Ciosek,et al.  Potentiometric Electronic Tongues for Foodstuff and Biosample Recognition—An Overview , 2011, Sensors.

[23]  R. Martínez‐Máñez,et al.  Prediction of NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents in minced meat by using a voltammetric electronic tongue and an impedimetric sensor , 2010 .

[24]  S. Benedetti,et al.  Amperometric Electronic Tongue for the Evaluation of the Tea Astringency , 2006 .

[25]  J. Hrbáč,et al.  Chemoprotective effect of plant phenolics against anthracycline‐induced toxicity on rat cardiomyocytes. Part III. Apigenin, baicalelin, kaempherol, luteolin and quercetin , 2004, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[26]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Screen-printed stripping voltammetric/potentiometric electrodes for decentralized testing of trace lead , 1992 .

[27]  Constantin Apetrei,et al.  Novel method based on carbon paste electrodes for the evaluation of bitterness in extra virgin olive oils , 2007 .

[28]  M. L. Rodriguez-Mendez,et al.  Analysis of the influence of the type of closure in the organoleptic characteristics of a red wine by using an electronic panel. , 2011, Food chemistry.

[29]  Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez,et al.  Electronic tongue formed by sensors and biosensors containing phthalocyanines as electron mediators: Application to the analysis of red grapes , 2014 .

[30]  A. Zalacain,et al.  Crocetin esters, picrocrocin and its related compounds present in Crocus sativus stigmas and Gardenia jasminoides fruits. Tentative identification of seven new compounds by LC-ESI-MS. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[31]  Constantin Apetrei,et al.  Fish Freshness Monitoring Using an E-Tongue Based on Polypyrrole Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[32]  Agustín Costa-García,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of screen-printed and conventional carbon paste electrodes , 2008 .

[33]  I. Apetrei,et al.  Voltammetric e-tongue for the quantification of total polyphenol content in olive oils , 2013 .

[34]  Rogelio Pereda-Miranda,et al.  HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources , 2007 .

[35]  M. L. Rodriguez-Mendez,et al.  Electronic tongue based on voltammetric electrodes modified with materials showing complementary electroactive properties. Applications , 2008 .

[36]  A. Zalacain,et al.  Identification of the flavonoid fraction in saffron spice by LC/DAD/MS/MS: Comparative study of samples from different geographical origins , 2007 .

[37]  Y. Vlasov,et al.  Chemical sensors and their systems , 2010 .

[38]  Javad Feizy,et al.  LC Determination of Adulterated Saffron Prepared by Adding Styles Colored with Some Natural Colorants , 2007 .

[39]  M Carmona,et al.  A New Approach to Saffron Aroma , 2007, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[40]  A. Höskuldsson.  PLS regression methods , 1988 .

[41]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Performance of screen-printed carbon electrodes fabricated from different carbon inks , 1998 .

[42]  J. Saja,et al.  Biogenic amines and fish freshness assessment using a multisensor system based on voltammetric electrodes. Comparison between CPE and screen-printed electrodes , 2009 .

[43]  M. Hashemi,et al.  Comparison of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of saffron , 2015 .

[44]  Ranjit Singh Verma,et al.  Analysis of Saffron (Crocus sativus L. Stigma) Components by LC–MS–MS , 2010 .

[45]  Craig E. Banks,et al.  Characterisation of commercially available electrochemical sensing platforms , 2009 .