An Overview of Cold Load Pickup Issues in Distribution Systems

The increased use of schemes of rotating load curtailment owing to limited power availability and high share of thermostatically controlled loads in total load demand has made the study of cold load pickup (CLPU) mandatory. This paper looks into the various aspects associated with the problem of CLPU and explains the phenomenon of CLPU. It reviews various modeling approaches and means of solving CLPU problems together with the affecting factors.

[1]  James McDonald,et al.  Cold Load Pickup , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[2]  N. D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Cold load pickup studies in extended distribution networks , 1991, [1991 Proceedings] 6th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference.

[3]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Ant algorithms for the optimal restoration of distribution feeders during cold load pickup , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium. SIS'03 (Cat. No.03EX706).

[4]  E. Agneholm,et al.  Load recovery in different industries following an outage , 2002 .

[5]  E. Agneholm,et al.  Load recovery in the pulp and paper industry following a disturbance , 2000 .

[6]  R. E. Mortensen,et al.  A stochastic computer model for heating and cooling loads , 1988 .

[7]  Guy Desaulniers,et al.  A column generation method for optimal load management via control of electric water heaters , 1995 .

[8]  D. Athow,et al.  Development and applications of a random variable model for cold load pickup , 1994 .

[9]  J. D. Law,et al.  Measured and predicted cold load pick up and feeder parameter determination using the harmonic model algorithm , 1995 .

[10]  A. Pahwa,et al.  A voltage drop-based approach to include cold load pickup in design of distribution systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[11]  V. Gerez,et al.  Development of a Monte Carlo based aggregate model for residential electric water heater loads , 1996 .

[12]  Enrico Carpaneto,et al.  Contribution of loads with thermostatic control to the long-term dynamics , 1999, PowerTech Budapest 99. Abstract Records. (Cat. No.99EX376).

[13]  R. E. Mortensen.  Alternating renewal process models for electric power system loads , 1990 .

[14]  Serge Lefebvre,et al.  Residential load modeling for predicting distribution transformer load behavior, feeder load and cold load pickup , 2002 .

[15]  V. Gerez,et al.  Development and validation of a physically-based computer model for predicting winter electric heating loads , 1995 .

[16]  M. M. Adibi.  Distribution System Design Optimization for Cold Load Pickup , 2000 .

[17]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Modeling and System Identification of Residential Air Conditioning Load , 1985, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[18]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Evolutionary Approaches for the Optimal Restoration of Sections in Distribution Systems , 2004 .

[19]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Optimal selection of conductors for distribution feeders , 2002, 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37309).

[20]  R. Morin,et al.  Distribution transformer overloading capability under cold-load pickup conditions , 1990 .

[21]  Regina Lamedica,et al.  A bottom-up approach to residential load modeling , 1994 .

[22]  E. Agneholm,et al.  Cold load pick-up of residential load , 2000 .

[23]  R.J. Kafka,et al.  Power system restoration issues , 1991, IEEE Computer Applications in Power.

[24]  T. Calloway,et al.  Physically-Based Model of Demand with Applications to Load Management Assessment and Load Forecasting , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[25]  O. H. Mirza.  Usage of CLPU curve to deal with the cold load pickup problem , 1997 .

[26]  V. Singh,et al.  An expert system for cold load pickup , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[27]  A. Debs,et al.  Statistical synthesis of power system functional load models , 1979, 1979 18th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the Symposium on Adaptive Processes.

[28]  M. M. Adibi.  A Framework for Power System Restoration Following a Major Power Failure , 2000 .

[29]  Evert Agneholm.  Cold Load Pick-up , 1999 .

[30]  R. Malhamé,et al.  Electric load model synthesis by diffusion approximation of a high-order hybrid-state stochastic system , 1985 .

[31]  Karen Nan Miu,et al.  Service restoration for unbalanced radial distribution systems with varying loads: solution algorithm , 1999, 1999 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36364).

[32]  Chan-Nan Lu,et al.  Distribution system feeder cold load pickup model , 1996 .

[33]  Chee-yee Chong,et al.  Statistical Synthesis of Physically Based Load Models with Applications to Cold Load Pickup , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[34]  Fred Schweppe,et al.  Physically Based Modeling of Cold Load Pickup , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[35]  J. J. Wakileh,et al.  Optimization of Distribution System Design to Accommodate Cold Load Pickup , 1997 .

[36]  Roland P. Malhamé,et al.  A physically-based computer model of aggregate electric water heating loads , 1994 .

[37]  Fred C. Schweppe,et al.  Modeling and weather-normalization of whole-house metered data for residential end-use load shape estimation , 1988 .

[38]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Optimal step-by-step restoration of distribution systems during excessive loads due to cold load pickup , 1995 .

[39]  I. E. Lane,et al.  A load model to support demand management decisions on domestic storage water heater control strategy , 1996 .

[40]  Roy Billinton,et al.  Customer cost of electric service interruptions , 1989, Proc. IEEE.

[41]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  An analytical approach for step-by-step restoration of distribution systems following extended outages , 1994 .

[42]  R. L. Wilde,et al.  Effects of Cold Load Pickup at the Distribution Substation Transformer , 1985, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[43]  Anil Pahwa.  Role of distribution automation in restoration of distribution systems after emergencies , 2001, 2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. Developing New Perspectives (Cat. No.01CH37294).

[44]  Max D. Anderson,et al.  An Analytical Method for Quantifying the Electrical Space Heating Component of a Cold Load Pick Up , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[45]  A. Gabaldon,et al.  Class of Models for Load Management Application and Evaluaton Revisited , 1992, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[46]  R. E. Mortensen,et al.  Dynamics of heating and cooling loads: models, simulation, and actual utility data , 1990 .

[47]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Distribution system design optimization for cold load pickup , 1996 .