Treg cells, life history, and diversity.

Regulatory T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor have a profound and nonredundant role in several aspects of immunological tolerance. We will review here the specification of this lineage, its population dynamics, and the diversity of subphenotypes that correlate with their diverse roles in controlling inflammation in a variety of settings.

[1]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Extrathymic Generation of Regulatory T Cells in Placental Mammals Mitigates Maternal-Fetal Conflict , 2012, Cell.

[2]  K. Hogquist,et al.  T-cell tolerance: central and peripheral. , 2012, Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology.

[3]  A. Rudensky,et al.  An N-terminal mutation of the Foxp3 transcription factor alleviates arthritis but exacerbates diabetes. , 2012, Immunity.

[4]  S. Ziegler,et al.  Loss of epigenetic modification driven by the Foxp3 transcription factor leads to regulatory T cell insufficiency. , 2012, Immunity.

[5]  H. Waldmann,et al.  Plasticity of Foxp3(+) T cells reflects promiscuous Foxp3 expression in conventional T cells but not reprogramming of regulatory T cells. , 2012, Immunity.

[6]  C. Benoist,et al.  Nuclear receptor Nr4a1 modulates both regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation and clonal deletion , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[7]  J. Allison,et al.  Expression of Helios in Peripherally Induced Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells , 2012, The Journal of Immunology.

[8]  E. Shevach,et al.  Polyclonal Treg cells modulate T effector cell trafficking , 2011, European journal of immunology.

[9]  G. Semenza,et al.  Control of TH17/Treg Balance by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 , 2011, Cell.

[10]  U. Beier,et al.  Helios Expression Is a Marker of T Cell Activation and Proliferation , 2011, PloS one.

[11]  D. M. Simons,et al.  CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell formation requires more specific recognition of a self-peptide than thymocyte deletion , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[12]  C. Hsieh,et al.  Peripheral education of the immune system by colonic commensal microbiota , 2011, Nature.

[13]  T. Chatila,et al.  A requisite role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance based on expanding antigen receptor diversity. , 2011, Immunity.

[14]  Lin Zhang,et al.  Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and Treg cells , 2011, Nature.

[15]  Tim F. Rayner,et al.  Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells control T follicular helper cells and the germinal center response , 2011, Nature Medicine.

[16]  D. Green,et al.  HIF1α–dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells , 2011, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[17]  J. Bluestone,et al.  Regulatory T cells: stability revisited. , 2011, Trends in immunology.

[18]  Nicole R. Cunningham,et al.  T cell receptor signal strength in Treg and iNKT cell development demonstrated by a novel fluorescent reporter mouse , 2011, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[19]  K. Toellner,et al.  Helios Is Associated with CD4 T Cells Differentiating to T Helper 2 and Follicular Helper T Cells In Vivo Independently of Foxp3 Expression , 2011, PloS one.

[20]  C. Benoist,et al.  A cluster of coregulated genes determines TGF-β–induced regulatory T-cell (Treg) dysfunction in NOD mice , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Regulatory T cells and Foxp3 , 2011, Immunological reviews.

[22]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Essential role for retinoic acid in the promotion of CD4(+) T cell effector responses via retinoic acid receptor alpha. , 2011, Immunity.

[23]  T. Mcclanahan,et al.  Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells promote T helper 17 cell development in vivo through regulation of interleukin-2. , 2011, Immunity.

[24]  Werner Müller,et al.  Intestinal tolerance requires gut homing and expansion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the lamina propria. , 2011, Immunity.

[25]  P. Worley,et al.  The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) regulates T helper cell differentiation through the selective activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling , 2011, Nature Immunology.

[26]  K. Honda,et al.  Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous Clostridium Species , 2011, Science.

[27]  D. Wraith,et al.  Comment on “Expression of Helios, an Ikaros Transcription Factor Family Member, Differentiates Thymic-Derived from Peripherally Induced Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells” , 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

[28]  Daniel R. Beisner,et al.  Foxo transcription factors control regulatory T cell development and function. , 2010, Immunity.

[29]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Helminth secretions induce de novo T cell Foxp3 expression and regulatory function through the TGF-β pathway , 2010, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[30]  Christophe Benoist,et al.  Stability of the Regulatory T Cell Lineage in Vivo , 2010, Science.

[31]  J. Buer,et al.  Retinoic acid‐induced gut tropism improves the protective capacity of Treg in acute but not in chronic gut inflammation , 2010, European journal of immunology.

[32]  H. von Boehmer,et al.  Enhancement of antigen-specific Treg vaccination in vivo , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  C. Benoist,et al.  Anti-CD3 therapy permits regulatory T cells to surmount T cell receptor–specified peripheral niche constraints , 2010, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[34]  R. DePinho,et al.  Foxo proteins cooperatively control the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells , 2010, Nature Immunology.

[35]  C. Hsieh,et al.  CD28 Facilitates the Generation of Foxp3− Cytokine Responsive Regulatory T Cell Precursors , 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

[36]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Expression of Helios, an Ikaros Transcription Factor Family Member, Differentiates Thymic-Derived from Peripherally Induced Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells , 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

[37]  Dan R. Littman,et al.  Th17 and Regulatory T Cells in Mediating and Restraining Inflammation , 2010, Cell.

[38]  C. Benoist,et al.  Genomic definition of multiple ex vivo regulatory T cell subphenotypes , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[39]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Role of conserved non-coding DNA elements in the Foxp3 gene in regulatory T-cell fate , 2010, Nature.

[40]  M. Greene,et al.  Development of Foxp3(+) regulatory t cells is driven by the c-Rel enhanceosome. , 2009, Immunity.

[41]  Jing Ma,et al.  T cell receptor CDR3 sequence but not recognition characteristics distinguish autoreactive effector and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. , 2009, Immunity.

[42]  S. Ghosh,et al.  Nuclear factor-kappaB modulates regulatory T cell development by directly regulating expression of Foxp3 transcription factor. , 2009, Immunity.

[43]  N. Tubridy,et al.  CD39+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Suppress Pathogenic Th17 Cells and Are Impaired in Multiple Sclerosis1 , 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

[44]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Decrease of Foxp3+ Treg cell number and acquisition of effector cell phenotype during lethal infection. , 2009, Immunity.

[45]  A. Rudensky,et al.  CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Control TH17 Responses in a Stat3-Dependent Manner , 2009, Science.

[46]  C. Benoist,et al.  How punctual ablation of regulatory T cells unleashes an autoimmune lesion within the pancreatic islets. , 2009, Immunity.

[47]  J. Lafaille,et al.  TCR-dependent differentiation of thymic Foxp3+ cells is limited to small clonal sizes , 2009, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[48]  K. Kretschmer,et al.  Retinoic acid can enhance conversion of naive into regulatory T cells independently of secreted cytokines , 2009, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[49]  J. Bluestone,et al.  Instability of the transcription factor Foxp3 leads to the generation of pathogenic memory T cells in vivo , 2009, Nature Immunology.

[50]  Christophe Benoist,et al.  Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters , 2009, Nature Medicine.

[51]  C. Benoist,et al.  Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: differentiation, specification, subphenotypes , 2009, Nature Immunology.

[52]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Intraclonal competition limits the fate determination of regulatory T cells in the thymus , 2009, Nature Immunology.

[53]  E. Shevach.  Mechanisms of foxp3+ T regulatory cell-mediated suppression. , 2009, Immunity.

[54]  S. Zelenay,et al.  Natural Treg cells spontaneously differentiate into pathogenic helper cells in lymphopenic conditions , 2009, European journal of immunology.

[55]  Daniel J. Campbell,et al.  T-bet controls regulatory T cell homeostasis and function during type-1 inflammation , 2009, Nature Immunology.

[56]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Regulatory T cells in the control of host-microorganism interactions (*). , 2009, Annual review of immunology.

[57]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Regulatory T-cell suppressor program co-opts transcription factor IRF4 to control TH2 responses , 2009, Nature.

[58]  T. Chatila,et al.  A Central Role for Induced Regulatory T Cells in Tolerance Induction in Experimental Colitis1 , 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

[59]  Keiichiro Suzuki,et al.  Preferential Generation of Follicular B Helper T Cells from Foxp3+ T Cells in Gut Peyer's Patches , 2009, Science.

[60]  B. Beutler,et al.  Commitment to the Regulatory T Cell Lineage Requires CARMA1 in the Thymus but Not in the Periphery , 2009, PLoS biology.

[61]  Linjiang Zhu,et al.  A low interleukin-2 receptor signaling threshold supports the development and homeostasis of T regulatory cells. , 2009, Immunity.

[62]  B. Malissen,et al.  Heterogeneity of natural Foxp3+ T cells: A committed regulatory T-cell lineage and an uncommitted minor population retaining plasticity , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  Alf Hamann,et al.  Epigenetic control of FOXP3 expression: the key to a stable regulatory T-cell lineage? , 2009, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[64]  R. Xavier,et al.  Differential requirement for CARMA1 in agonist‐selected T‐cell development , 2009, European journal of immunology.

[65]  E. Shevach,et al.  CD4+ T‐cell development in a mouse expressing a transgenic TCR derived from a Treg , 2009, European journal of immunology.

[66]  C. Hsieh,et al.  Antigen-specific peripheral shaping of the natural regulatory T cell population , 2008, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[67]  P. Chambon,et al.  Retinoic acid enhances Foxp3 induction indirectly by relieving inhibition from CD4+CD44hi Cells. , 2008, Immunity.

[68]  R. Maizels,et al.  Expansion of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Mice Infected with the Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi1 , 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

[69]  H. Yee,et al.  Adaptive Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-dependent and -independent control of allergic inflammation. , 2008, Immunity.

[70]  J. Ward,et al.  TGF‐β‐induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells rescue scurfy mice , 2008, European journal of immunology.

[71]  D. Vignali,et al.  How regulatory T cells work , 2008, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[72]  David K. Finlay,et al.  T cell receptor signaling controls Foxp3 expression via PI3K, Akt, and mTOR , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[73]  J. Bluestone,et al.  Human regulatory T cells: role in autoimmune disease and therapeutic opportunities , 2008, Immunological reviews.

[74]  A. Kulkarni,et al.  A critical function for TGF-β signaling in the development of natural CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells , 2008, Nature Immunology.

[75]  T. Nomura,et al.  Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance , 2008, Cell.

[76]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Viral Infection by Regulatory T Cells , 2008, Science.

[77]  C. Benoist,et al.  The AKT–mTOR axis regulates de novo differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+ cells , 2008, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[78]  S. Fuchs,et al.  Ex Vivo Generated Regulatory T Cells Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis1 , 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

[79]  Yuka Kanno,et al.  Retinoic acid inhibits Th17 polarization and enhances FoxP3 expression through a Stat-3/Stat-5 independent signaling pathway. , 2008, Blood.

[80]  C. Hsieh,et al.  A two-step process for thymic regulatory T cell development. , 2008, Immunity.

[81]  M. Farrar,et al.  Linked T cell receptor and cytokine signaling govern the development of the regulatory T cell repertoire. , 2008, Immunity.

[82]  R. Germain.  Special regulatory T‐cell review: A rose by any other name: from suppressor T cells to Tregs, approbation to unbridled enthusiasm , 2008, Immunology.

[83]  Christophe Benoist,et al.  Foxp3 transcription-factor-dependent and -independent regulation of the regulatory T cell transcriptional signature. , 2007, Immunity.

[84]  Nagendra Singh,et al.  Nonself-antigens are the cognate specificities of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. , 2007, Immunity.

[85]  C. Benoist,et al.  TCR-based lineage tracing: no evidence for conversion of conventional into regulatory T cells in response to a natural self-antigen in pancreatic islets , 2007, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[86]  R. Noelle,et al.  All-trans retinoic acid mediates enhanced T reg cell growth, differentiation, and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation , 2007, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[87]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-β– and retinoic acid–dependent mechanism , 2007, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[88]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid , 2007, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[89]  Hilde Cheroutre,et al.  Reciprocal TH17 and Regulatory T Cell Differentiation Mediated by Retinoic Acid , 2007, Science.

[90]  R. Maizels,et al.  Expansion and activation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection , 2007, European journal of immunology.

[91]  C. Benoist,et al.  Adaptation of TCR Repertoires to Self-Peptides in Regulatory and Nonregulatory CD4+ T Cells1 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[92]  V. Kuchroo,et al.  Myelin-specific regulatory T cells accumulate in the CNS but fail to control autoimmune inflammation , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[93]  Yong Zhao,et al.  The effect of immunosuppressive drug rapamycin on regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in mice. , 2007, Transplant immunology.

[94]  E. Shevach,et al.  Cutting Edge: IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-β-Mediated Induction of Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[95]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice , 2007, Nature Immunology.

[96]  Edgar Schmitt,et al.  Epigenetic Control of the foxp3 Locus in Regulatory T Cells , 2007, PLoS biology.

[97]  T. Whiteside,et al.  Selective Survival of Naturally Occurring Human CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Cultured with Rapamycin1 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[98]  S. Akira,et al.  TAK1 is indispensable for development of T cells and prevention of colitis by the generation of regulatory T cells. , 2006, International immunology.

[99]  R. Bonasio,et al.  Clonal deletion of thymocytes by circulating dendritic cells homing to the thymus , 2006, Nature Immunology.

[100]  L. Ignatowicz,et al.  Origin and T cell receptor diversity of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells. , 2006, Immunity.

[101]  Michael D. Schneider,et al.  The kinase TAK1 integrates antigen and cytokine receptor signaling for T cell development, survival and function , 2006, Nature Immunology.

[102]  W. Zou,et al.  Regulatory T-cell compartmentalization and trafficking. , 2006, Blood.

[103]  S. Ziegler.  FOXP3: of mice and men. , 2006, Annual review of immunology.

[104]  Y. Belkaid,et al.  Infected site-restricted Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells are specific for microbial antigens , 2006, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[105]  A. Rudensky,et al.  An intersection between the self-reactive regulatory and nonregulatory T cell receptor repertoires , 2006, Nature Immunology.

[106]  R. Flavell,et al.  Natural regulatory T cells control the development of atherosclerosis in mice , 2006, Nature Medicine.

[107]  C. Benoist,et al.  Where CD4+CD25+ T reg cells impinge on autoimmune diabetes , 2005, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[108]  A. Scheffold,et al.  Migration matters: regulatory T-cell compartmentalization determines suppressive activity in vivo. , 2005, Blood.

[109]  M. Nussenzweig,et al.  Inducing and expanding regulatory T cell populations by foreign antigen , 2005, Nature Immunology.

[110]  A. Rudensky,et al.  A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells , 2005, Nature Immunology.

[111]  B. Bisikirska,et al.  TCR stimulation with modified anti-CD3 mAb expands CD8+ T cell population and induces CD8+CD25+ Tregs. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[112]  C. Bécourt,et al.  Peripheral CD8+CD25+ T Lymphocytes from MHC Class II-Deficient Mice Exhibit Regulatory Activity1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[113]  M. Battaglia,et al.  Rapamycin selectively expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. , 2005, Blood.

[114]  Y. Wan,et al.  Identifying Foxp3-expressing suppressor T cells with a bicistronic reporter. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[115]  Shimon Sakaguchi,et al.  Homeostatic maintenance of natural Foxp3 + CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells by interleukin (IL)-2 and induction of autoimmune disease by IL-2 neutralization , 2005, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[116]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Regulatory T cell lineage specification by the forkhead transcription factor foxp3. , 2005, Immunity.

[117]  A. Singer,et al.  CD28 costimulation of developing thymocytes induces Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation independently of interleukin 2 , 2005, Nature Immunology.

[118]  C. Benoist,et al.  Number of T Reg Cells That Differentiate Does Not Increase upon Encounter of Agonist Ligand on Thymic Epithelial Cells , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[119]  A. Abbas,et al.  CD4+CD25+ Cells Controlling a Pathogenic CD4 Response Inhibit Cytokine Differentiation, CXCR-3 Expression, and Tissue Invasion1 , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[120]  S. Sakaguchi,et al.  Induction of antigen-specific immunologic tolerance by in vivo and in vitro antigen-specific expansion of naturally arising Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. , 2004, International immunology.

[121]  Jeffrey A. Bluestone,et al.  In Vitro–expanded Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Suppress Autoimmune Diabetes , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[122]  Ethan M. Shevach,et al.  Cutting Edge: IL-2 Is Critically Required for the In Vitro Activation of CD4+CD25+ T Cell Suppressor Function , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[123]  H. von Boehmer,et al.  In Vivo Instruction of Suppressor Commitment in Naive T Cells , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[124]  M. Farrar,et al.  Distinct IL-2 Receptor Signaling Pattern in CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells1 , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[125]  Peter R. Galle,et al.  Cutting Edge: TGF-β Induces a Regulatory Phenotype in CD4+CD25− T Cells through Foxp3 Induction and Down-Regulation of Smad7 , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[126]  R. Maehr,et al.  Differential dependence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory and natural killer-like T cells on signals leading to NF-kappaB activation. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[127]  R. Flavell,et al.  TGF-beta regulates in vivo expansion of Foxp3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells responsible for protection against diabetes. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[128]  F. Leithäuser,et al.  MHC class II‐independent CD25+ CD4+ CD8α β+ α β T cells attenuate CD4+ T cell‐induced transfer colitis , 2004, European journal of immunology.

[129]  Li Li,et al.  Conversion of Peripheral CD4+CD25− Naive T Cells to CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells by TGF-β Induction of Transcription Factor Foxp3 , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[130]  T. Strom,et al.  Favorably tipping the balance between cytopathic and regulatory T cells to create transplantation tolerance. , 2003, Immunity.

[131]  D. Klatzmann,et al.  Continuous Activation of Autoreactive CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in the Steady State , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[132]  G. Courtois,et al.  Mature T cells depend on signaling through the IKK complex. , 2003, Immunity.

[133]  Anna Chodos,et al.  Antigen-dependent Proliferation of CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells In Vivo , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[134]  F. Ramsdell,et al.  An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[135]  A. Rudensky,et al.  Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[136]  J. Lafaille,et al.  Interleukin 2 Signaling Is Required for CD4+ Regulatory T Cell Function , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[137]  T. Malek,et al.  CD4 regulatory T cells prevent lethal autoimmunity in IL-2Rbeta-deficient mice. Implications for the nonredundant function of IL-2. , 2002, Immunity.

[138]  L. Klein,et al.  Origin of regulatory T cells with known specificity for antigen , 2002, Nature Immunology.

[139]  J. Miyazaki,et al.  Generation of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells from Autoreactive T Cells Simultaneously with Their Negative Selection in the Thymus and from Nonautoreactive T Cells by Endogenous TCR Expression1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[140]  A. Naji,et al.  Thymic selection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonist self-peptide , 2001, Nature Immunology.

[141]  A. Bowcock,et al.  JM2, encoding a fork head-related protein, is mutated in X-linked autoimmunity-allergic disregulation syndrome. , 2000, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[142]  T. Mak,et al.  Immunologic Self-Tolerance Maintained by Cd25+Cd4+Regulatory T Cells Constitutively Expressing Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–Associated Antigen 4 , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[143]  J. Bluestone,et al.  B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the homeostasis of the CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells that control autoimmune diabetes. , 2000, Immunity.

[144]  M. Toda,et al.  Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by CD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells: induction of autoimmune disease by breaking their anergic/suppressive state. , 1998, International immunology.

[145]  E. Shevach,et al.  CD4+CD25+ Immunoregulatory T Cells Suppress Polyclonal T Cell Activation In Vitro by Inhibiting Interleukin 2 Production , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[146]  E. Shevach,et al.  CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibit both the induction and effector function of autoreactive T cells and represent a unique lineage of immunoregulatory cells. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[147]  M. Toda,et al.  Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[148]  J. Watson,et al.  CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD45RB induce wasting disease when transferred into congenic severe combined immunodeficient mice. Disease development is prevented by cotransfer of purified CD4+ T cells , 1993, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[149]  K. Tung,et al.  Effector and regulatory cells in autoimmune oophoritis elicited by neonatal thymectomy. , 1991, Journal of immunology.

[150]  D. Mason,et al.  OX-22high CD4+ T cells induce wasting disease with multiple organ pathology: prevention by the OX-22low subset [published erratum appears in J Exp Med 1991 Apr 1;173(4):1037] , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[151]  T. Takahashi,et al.  Study on cellular events in post-thymectomy autoimmune oophoritis in mice. II. Requirement of Lyt-1 cells in normal female mice for the prevention of oophoritis , 1982, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[152]  E. Shevach,et al.  Distinct Subsets of FoxP3 Regulatory T Cells Participate in the Control of Immune Responses , 2007 .

[153]  Pau Serra,et al.  Visualizing regulatory T cell control of autoimmune responses in nonobese diabetic mice , 2006, Nature Immunology.

[154]  R. Steinman,et al.  T Cells , Expanded with Dendritic Cells Presenting a Single Autoantigenic Peptide , Suppress Autoimmune Diabetes , 2004 .

[155]  L. Peltonen,et al.  Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[156]  Supporting Online Material , 2002 .

[157]  J. Casanova,et al.  X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[158]  D. Galas,et al.  Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse , 2001, Nature Genetics.