Genetic Association between Granites and Mineralization at the Gindi Akwati Cassiterite–Sulfide Deposit, North-Central Nigeria: Insights from Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Sulfur Isotopes

The cassiterite–sulfide mineralization occurs within quartz veins and greisenized Precambrian Older Granite around the Gindi Akwati region at the Ropp complex’s western boundary, north-central Nigeria. The intrusion of Jurassic Younger granite porphyry sheared the marginal parts of the Older Granite and the mylonitized zone created pathways for fluids that escaped during the late-stage consolidation of Jurassic biotite granite. The biotite granites are highly differentiated (K/Rb < 200), peraluminous (A/CNK > 1), high-K, and have high Sn concentrations (average = 117 ppm). The intrusion of Jurassic granite porphyry forced Older Granite interaction with ore-bearing fluid that escaped from Jurassic biotite granite under low oxygen fugacity at or below the NNO buffer. The above fluid–rock interaction caused mass changes in host granite during greisenization and redistributed ores in the vicinity of the shears. This suggests that chloride ions take the form of significant complex-forming ligands and efficiently sequestrate, transport, and deposit ore metals (Sn, Zn, Fe, and Cu) locally within the greisenized granites and quartz veins. The redox potential of the ores probably gave a false impression of metal zoning with a relatively higher abundance of the oxide ore than the sulfides at the surface. The alteration mineralogy (quartz-, topaz-, lepidolite-, and fluorite-bearing assemblages) coupled with S isotope and fluid inclusion systematic data suggests the hydrothermal history of “greisens” and veins started with hot (homogenization temperature ≥300 °C), low to moderate salinity (average = 4.08 wt. % NaCl), low density (≤0.6 g/cm3) fluids and ≥ 200 bar trapping pressure. The sulfide isotopic composition (δ34SV-CDT = −1.30 to + 0.87 ‰) is very similar to typical magmatic fluids, indicating late-magmatic to early post-magmatic models of mineralization related to the anorogenic granite intrusions.

[1]  D. Lentz,et al.  Ferric-ferrous iron oxide ratios: Effect on crystallization pressure of granites estimated by Qtz-geobarometry , 2021 .

[2]  Xiaoyong Yang,et al.  Genesis of Cretaceous igneous rocks and its related large scale porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in Chating, the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt: The geochemical constrains , 2020 .

[3]  Xiaoyong Yang,et al.  Petrogenesis of the peralkaline Dutsen Wai and Ropp complexes in the Nigerian younger granites: implications for crucial metal enrichments , 2020, International Geology Review.

[4]  S. Eggins,et al.  Micro-characterisation of cassiterite by geology, texture and zonation: A case study of the Karagwe Ankole Belt, Rwanda , 2020 .

[5]  B. Lehmann.  Formation of tin ore deposits: A reassessment , 2020 .

[6]  R. Romer,et al.  Partitioning of Sn and W between granitic melt and aqueous fluid , 2020 .

[7]  T. Algeo,et al.  Petrogenesis of A-type granites associated with Sn–Nb–Zn mineralization in Ririwai complex, north-Central Nigeria: Constraints from whole-rock Sm Nd and zircon Lu Hf isotope systematics , 2019, Lithos.

[8]  A. Fallick,et al.  Fractionation of Rare Earth Elements in Greisen and Hydrothermal Veins Related to A-Type Magmatism , 2019, Geofluids.

[9]  Junyi Pan,et al.  The Genetic Association between Quartz Vein- and Greisen-Type Mineralization at the Maoping W–Sn Deposit, Southern Jiangxi, China: Insights from Zircon and Cassiterite U–Pb Ages and Cassiterite Trace Element Composition , 2019, Minerals.

[10]  L. Guillou-Frottier,et al.  Dynamic Permeability Related to Greisenization Reactions in Sn-W Ore Deposits: Quantitative Petrophysical and Experimental Evidence , 2019, Geofluids.

[11]  Xiaoming Sun,et al.  Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of the Yaoling Tungsten Deposit in South China: Metallogenetic Constraints , 2018, Resource Geology.

[12]  X. Liu,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of sulfur and lead isotopes in sulfides using nanosecond laser ablation coupled with two multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers , 2018 .

[13]  Honglin Yuan,et al.  Development of pressed sulfide powder tablets for in situ sulfur and lead isotope measurement using LA-MC-ICP-MS , 2017 .

[14]  Yingiun Ma,et al.  Origin and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids in the Liyuan Gold Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H-O-C Isotopic Compositions , 2017 .

[15]  G. Montegrossi,et al.  Stability of Naturally Relevant Ternary Phases in the Cu–Sn–S System in Contact with an Aqueous Solution , 2016 .

[16]  J. Kinnaird,et al.  Tin in Africa , 2016 .

[17]  D. Barfod,et al.  Origin, ore forming fluid evolution and timing of the Logrosán Sn–(W) ore deposits (Central Iberian Zone, Spain) , 2016 .

[18]  J. M. El-Nafaty.  Rare earth element and stable sulphur (δ 34S) isotope study of baryte–copper mineralization in Gulani area, Upper Benue Trough, NE Nigeria , 2015 .

[19]  Z. Dolníček,et al.  Genesis of Syntectonic Hydrothermal Veins in the Igneous Rock of Teschenite Association (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic): Growth Mechanism and Origin of Fluids , 2015 .

[20]  T. Oberthür,et al.  Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: Constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology , 2015 .

[21]  R. Key,et al.  Post-collisional Pan-African granitoids and rare metal pegmatites in western Nigeria: Age, petrogenesis, and the 'pegmatite conundrum' , 2014 .

[22]  Calvin G. Barnes,et al.  Sulphide melt evolution in upper mantle to upper crust magmas, Tongling, China , 2014 .

[23]  A. Williams-Jones,et al.  The Chemistry of Metal Transport and Deposition by Ore-Forming Hydrothermal Fluids , 2014 .

[24]  E. Watson,et al.  Zircon saturation re-revisited , 2013 .

[25]  D. Lentz,et al.  Characteristics of Mineralizing Fluids of the Darreh‐Zerreshk and Ali‐Abad Porphyry Copper Deposits, Central Iran, Determined by Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry , 2013 .

[26]  B. Zoheir.  Microchemistry and stable isotope systematics of gold mineralization in a gabbro–diorite complex, SE Egypt , 2012 .

[27]  T. Llorens,et al.  Oxide minerals in the granitic cupola of the Jálama Batholith, Salamanca, Spain. Part I: accessory Sn, Nb, Ta and Ti minerals in leucogranites, aplites and pegmatites , 2012 .

[28]  Lei Xie,et al.  Cassiterite exsolution with ilmenite lamellae in magnetite from the Huashan metaluminous tin granite in southern China , 2012, Mineralogy and Petrology.

[29]  Lou Jianjun,et al.  Re-Os geochronology and S isotope geochemistry of Dengfuxian tungsten deposit,Hunan Province,China , 2012 .

[30]  J. Wilkinson,et al.  Multistage Intrusion, Brecciation, and Veining at El Teniente, Chile: Evolution of a Nested Porphyry System , 2010 .

[31]  A. Boyce,et al.  Geology of the cassiterite mineralisation in the Rutongo area, Rwanda (Central Africa): current state of knowledge , 2010 .

[32]  A. Putnis,et al.  The Complex Hydrothermal History of Granitic Rocks: Multiple Feldspar Replacement Reactions under Subsolidus Conditions , 2009 .

[33]  C. Stevenson.  The relationship between forceful and passive emplacement: The interplay between tectonic strain and magma supply in the Rosses Granitic Complex, NW Ireland , 2009 .

[34]  T. Pettke,et al.  Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICPMS analysis of co-existing fluid and silicate melt inclusions: Controls on element partitioning , 2008 .

[35]  S. Geiger,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Fluid Flow in Hydrothermal Systems , 2007 .

[36]  J. Palandri,et al.  Sulfide Mineral Precipitation from Hydrothermal Fluids , 2006 .

[37]  R. Seal.  Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry of Sulfide Minerals , 2006 .

[38]  A. Langrová,et al.  The petrogenesis of a wolframite-bearing greisen in the Vykmanov granite stock, Western Krušné hory pluton (Czech Republic) , 2005 .

[39]  J. A. Grant.  Isocon analysis: A brief review of the method and applications , 2005 .

[40]  T. Schlüter,et al.  Geological Atlas of Africa , 2005 .

[41]  R. Seltmann,et al.  Geochemical evolution of halogen-enriched granite magmas and mineralizing fluids of the Zinnwald tin-tungsten mining district, Erzgebirge, Germany , 2004 .

[42]  S. Ishihara.  The redox state of granitoids relative to tectonic setting and earth history: The magnetite–ilmenite series 30 years later , 2004, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

[43]  I. Garba.  Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Pan-African (600 ± 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria , 2003 .

[44]  Calvin G. Barnes,et al.  A Geochemical Classification for Granitic Rocks , 2001 .

[45]  B. Lehmann,et al.  From rocks to ore , 2000 .

[46]  S. Ishihara,et al.  Magnetite/Ilmenite–series Classification and Magnetic Susceptibility of the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Batholiths in Peru , 2000 .

[47]  Sang-hoon Choi.  Geochemical Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids at the Daejang Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Deposit, Korea , 1998 .

[48]  A. Tindle,et al.  Oxide minerals of the separation rapids rare-element granitic pegmatite group, northwestern Ontario , 1998 .

[49]  A. Sánchez,et al.  Geochemistry and EPR of cassiterites from the Iberian Hercynian Massif , 1997, Mineralogical Magazine.

[50]  L. Baumgartner,et al.  A least-squares approach to mass transport calculations using the isocon method , 1995 .

[51]  J. D. Miller,et al.  The Bolivian tin province and regional tin distribution in the central Andes : a reassessment , 1990 .

[52]  D. Lentz,et al.  Bi-Sn-Mo-W greisen mineralization associated with the True Hill granite, southwestern New Brunswick , 1988 .

[53]  G. Matheis.  Nigerian rare‐metal pegmatites and their lithological framework , 1987 .

[54]  P. Bowden,et al.  African anorogenic alkaline magmatism and mineralization — a discussion with reference to the Niger‐Nigerian Province , 1987 .

[55]  J. Kinnaird.  Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of the Nigerian anorogenic ring complexes : with special reference to the Saiya Shokobo complex , 1987 .

[56]  F. Pirajno,et al.  Greisen-related scheelite, gold and sulphide mineralisation at Kirwans Hili and Bateman Creek, Reefton district, Westland, New Zealand , 1985 .

[57]  J. Pastor,et al.  Primary mineralization in Nigerian ring complexes and its economic significance , 1985 .

[58]  J. Kinnaird.  Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the alkaline anorogenic ring complexes of Nigeria , 1985 .

[59]  A. Neiva.  Geochemistry of tin-bearing granitic rocks , 1984 .

[60]  B. Lehmann.  Metallogeny of tin; magmatic differentiation versus geochemical heritage , 1982 .

[61]  E. Imeokparia.  Fluorine in biotites from the Afu Younger Granite Complex (central Nigeria) , 1981 .

[62]  M. Olade.  Geochemical characteristics of tin-bearing and tin-barren granites, northern Nigeria , 1980 .

[63]  E. Imeokparia.  Ore-bearing potential of granitic rocks from the Jos—Bukuru Complex, northern Nigeria , 1980 .

[64]  J. Winchester,et al.  Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements , 1977 .

[65]  S. Abaa.  GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROLOGY AND MINERALISATION AT RIRIWAI, GINDI AKWATI AND DUTSEN WAI IN THE NIGERIAN YOUNGER GRANITE PROVINCE. , 1976 .

[66]  A. Sokkary,et al.  The relation between Rb, Ba and Sr in granitic rocks , 1975 .

[67]  D. Bachinski.  Bond strength and sulfur isotopic fractionation in coexisting sulfides , 1969 .