A generalized energy model for the behavior of single-crystal magneto-electric composites

This paper explores a unified energy-based approach to model the non-linear behavior of both magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. While the energy-approach developed by Armstrong has been shown to capture the magnetostrictive behavior of materials such as Terfenol-D1 and Iron-Gallium2 along different crystallographic directions, extending this approach to piezoelectric materials presents a considerable challenge. Some piezo-electric materials such as PMN-PT and BaTiO3 may undergo phase changes under applied electric fields and stress in addition to polarization switching. A modeling approach is developed in this paper to capture these effects. Finally, it is shown that the constitutive behavior for the piezo-electric/magnetostrictive layers, coupled by a simple blocked-force approach, is likely to model the behavior of magneto-electric composites.

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