A Novel Carrier Loop Algorithm Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Kalman Filter (KF) for Weak TC-OFDM Signals

Digital broadcasting signal is promised to be a positioning signal in indoors. A novel positioning technology named Time & Code Division-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (TC-OFDM) is mainly discussed in this paper, which is based on China mobile multimedia broadcasting (CMMB). Signal strength is an important factor that affects the carrier loop performance of the TC-OFDM receiver. In the case of weak TC-OFDM signals, the current carrier loop algorithm has large residual carrier error. This paper proposes a novel carrier loop algorithm based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Kalman Filter (KF) to solve the above problem. The discriminator of the current carrier loop is replaced by the MLE discriminator function in the proposed algorithm. The Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is utilized to obtain the MLE cost function consisting of signal amplitude, residual carrier frequency and carrier phase, and the MLE discriminator function is derived from the corresponding MLE cost function. The KF is used to smooth the MLE discriminator function results, which takes the carrier phase estimation, the angular frequency estimation and the angular frequency rate as the state vector. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the tracking sensitivity of the TC-OFDM receiver by taking full advantage of the characteristics of the carrier parameters. Compared with the current carrier loop algorithm, the tracking sensitivity is effectively improved by 3-5 dB in the simulation, and the better performance of the proposed algorithm is verified in the real environment.

[1]  Harry L. Van Trees,et al.  Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I , 1968 .

[2]  W.J. Hurd,et al.  High Dynamic GPS Receiver Using Maximum Likelihood Estimationand Frequency Tracking , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[3]  Guangfu Sun,et al.  Adaptive wavelet denoising unscented Kalman filter for BeiDou signal carrier tracking under ionospheric scintillation conditions , 2016 .

[4]  Tian Jin,et al.  Frequency-Locked Detector Threshold Setting Criteria Based on Mean-Time-To-Lose-Lock (MTLL) for GPS Receivers , 2017, Sensors.

[5]  Mark G. Petovello,et al.  Performance comparison of Kalman filter and maximum likelihood carrier phase tracking for weak GNSS signals , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN).

[6]  Bernd Eissfeller,et al.  Iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimators for High-Dynamic GNSS Signal Tracking , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[7]  Gonzalo Seco-Granados,et al.  Survey on Robust Carrier Tracking Techniques , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[8]  S. Hinedi,et al.  Frequency estimation techniques for high dynamic trajectories , 1989 .

[9]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Soft Range Information for Network Localization , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[10]  Gianni Pasolini,et al.  Design Criteria for FIR-Based Echo Cancellers , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[11]  Zhongliang Deng,et al.  An Acquisition Scheme Based on a Matched Filter for Novel Communication and Navigation Fusion Signals , 2017, Sensors.

[12]  You Zhou,et al.  A Carrier Acquisition and Tracking Algorithm for High-Dynamic Weak Signal , 2013 .

[13]  Pau Closas,et al.  Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Position in GNSS , 2007, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[14]  Bo Yan,et al.  A Carrier Estimation Method Based on MLE and KF for Weak GNSS Signals , 2017, Sensors.

[15]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  High-Accuracy Localization for Assisted Living: 5G systems will turn multipath channels from foe to friend , 2016, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[16]  Bernd Eissfeller,et al.  Noniterative Filter-Based Maximum Likelihood Estimators for GNSS Signal Tracking , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[17]  Davide Dardari,et al.  Performance and Stability Analysis of Echo Cancellers Based on Training Sequences , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[18]  James T. Curran,et al.  Improving the Design of Frequency Lock Loops for GNSS Receivers , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[19]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization— Part II: Cooperative Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[20]  Yang Lei,et al.  Situation and development tendency of indoor positioning , 2013, China Communications.

[21]  Chan Zeng,et al.  Application of Extended Kalman Filter for tracking high dynamic GPS signal , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP).

[22]  Elliott D. Kaplan.  Understanding GPS : principles and applications , 1996 .

[23]  Karthik Ramasubramanian,et al.  Techniques to enhance GNSS signal acquisition and tracking sensitivity , 2013, International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation.

[24]  Daniele Borio,et al.  A non-coherent architecture for GNSS digital tracking loops , 2009, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[25]  Barbara M. Masini,et al.  On the Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V for the Cooperative Awareness of Connected Vehicles , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[26]  Barbara M. Masini,et al.  Localization-based resource selection schemes for network-controlled LTE-V2V , 2017, 2017 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS).

[27]  Deng Zhongliang,et al.  Correlation combination ambiguity removing technology for acquisition of sine-phased BOC(kn,n) signals , 2015, China Communications.

[28]  Cui Wei,et al.  High dynamic carrier tracking technology based on Kalman filter , 2015 .

[29]  H. V. Trees.  Detection, Estimation, And Modulation Theory , 2001 .

[30]  Davide Dardari,et al.  FPGA Design and Performance Evaluation of a Pulse-Based Echo Canceller for DVB-T/H , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[31]  Pau Closas,et al.  On the identifiability of noise statistics and adaptive KF design for robust GNSS carrier tracking , 2015, 2015 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[32]  Phillip W. Ward,et al.  Performance Comparisons Between FLL, PLL and a Novel FLL-Assisted-PLL Carrier Tracking Loop Under RF Interference Conditions , 1998 .

[33]  Lamine Mili,et al.  Robust Kalman Filter Based on a Generalized Maximum-Likelihood-Type Estimator , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[34]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization— Part I: A General Framework , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[35]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  A Mathematical Model for Wideband Ranging , 2015, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.