Wildfire Impacts on Soil Erosion and Hydrology in Wet Mediterranean Forest, Portugal

The Agueda Basin, north-central Portugal is comparatively wet (rainfall, 1600-1800 mm/yr) with frequent, relatively large storms in autumn and winter yet the summer drought is sufficiently long and consistent for frequent forest wildfires. This paper discusses wildfire impacts in such a wet Mediterranean environment on soil hydrophobicity, infiltration capacity, overland flow coefficients, soil loss, rainsplash detachment and small-scale ground level changes for Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster forest: (1) 0-2 years after fire ('new' burn); (2) 3-4 years after fire ('old' burn); and (3) 'mature' (or long unburnt) sites. For 'new' burn sites, rainsplash detachment rates are an order of magnitude and soil losses two orders of magnitude higher than for 'old' burn sites and both are two orders of magnitude higher than for 'mature' sites. Soils are hydrophobic in all three categories of sites, but infiltration capacities are lower at 'new' burn and 'old' burn than at 'mature' sites. Overland flow coefficients on long unburnt sites were low while on burnt sites they were high and tended to be higher for summer and autumn than for winter and spring, implying enhanced hydrophobicity under summer drought conditions, causing decreased infiltration capacity and increased overland flow. The distinctiveness of fire effects on soil erosion and hydrology in this wet Mediterranean environment and implications for post-fire management are discussed.