Contributions of spatial point process modelling to biodiversity theory

Les dernieres decennies ont connu une chute de la biodiversite sans precedent, qui souleve des inquietudes quant a ses consequences pour le fonctionnement des ecosystemes. Les recherches en ecologie des communautes cherchent a etablir les mecanismes permetttant la coexistence d'un grand nombre d'especes et le maintien de la biodiversite. Les processus mis en jeu au sein des communautes vegetales sont principalement des interactions locales et prennent place dans un contexte spatial. Ils doivent donc etre modelises a l'echelle des individus. Plusieurs theories ont ete proposees pour la coexistence des plantes, parmi lesquelles la theorie de la niche ecologique et la theorie neutraliste sont predominantes. Ces theories different principalement par le degre auquel les differences fonctionnelles entre especes sont jugees necessaires pour limiter l'exclusion competitive. Il en resulte des predictions differentes concernant les interactions entre especes et entre les plantes et l'environnement. De grands jeux de donnees spatialisees sont a present disponibles sur des communautes vegetales, comportant la localisation de chaque plante. Cet article discute comment les predictions des differentes theories peuvent etre evaluees a l'aide de modeles de processus pontuels et comment l'approche peut etre appliquee a ces jeux de donnees pour contribuer a la discussion.

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