Energy-Aware Multi-level Routing Algorithm for Two-Tier Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster-based multi-hop routing is one of the proficient techniques to prolong the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks WSNs. In this technique, a cluster head CH sends its data packet via other CHs to the sink. However, in most of such routing techniques, a CH selects a single path to forward the data to the sink which results in imbalance energy consumption of some of the CHs along the path and hence limits the network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new distributed energy-aware multi-level routing algorithm EMRA to maximize the network lifetime. In the proposed algorithm, CHs are assigned various levels based on the distance between the CHs and the sink. Furthermore, a backbone network BN is constructed over these CHs rooted at the sink. We devise a simple and efficient technique through which each CH in the BN selects a few CHs as forwarding nodes keeping the load balancing among the CHs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing ones in terms of network lifetime.

[1]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  A constrained shortest-path energy-aware routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2002, 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record. WCNC 2002 (Cat. No.02TH8609).

[2]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[3]  Zheng Wang,et al.  Maximizing energy utilization routing scheme in wireless sensor networks based on minimum hops algorithm , 2012, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[4]  Chen He,et al.  A Distributed Clustering Algorithm with an Adaptive Backoff Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[5]  Kin K. Leung,et al.  A dynamic clustering and energy efficient routing technique for sensor networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[6]  Azzedine Boukerche,et al.  Fault-tolerant wireless sensor network routing protocols for the supervision of context-aware physical environments , 2006, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[7]  Yanwei Wang,et al.  Relative location in wireless networks , 2001, IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202).

[8]  Nei Kato,et al.  Extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks: A hybrid routing algorithm , 2012, Comput. Commun..

[9]  Ameer Ahmed Abbasi,et al.  A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[10]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[11]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[12]  Mahmoud Moghavvemi,et al.  EAMTR: energy aware multi-tree routing for wireless sensor networks , 2009, IET Commun..

[13]  Zhao Cheng,et al.  On the problem of unbalanced load distribution in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference Workshops, 2004. GlobeCom Workshops 2004..

[14]  Jiguo Yu,et al.  A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution , 2012 .

[15]  Nauman Aslam,et al.  A multi-criterion optimization technique for energy efficient cluster formation in wireless sensor networks , 2011, Inf. Fusion.

[16]  Ossama Younis,et al.  HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[17]  Prasanta K. Jana,et al.  BDCP: A backoff-based distributed clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI).

[18]  Majid Sarrafzadeh,et al.  Cluster size optimization in sensor networks with decentralized cluster-based protocols , 2012, Comput. Commun..

[19]  Jie Wu,et al.  EECS: an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks , 2005, PCCC 2005. 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, 2005..

[20]  Yannis Manolopoulos,et al.  Energy-efficient distributed clustering in wireless sensor networks , 2010, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[21]  Abraham O. Fapojuwo,et al.  A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.