A critical assessment of surface cloud observations and their use for verifying cloud forecasts

[1]  P. Rowntree,et al.  A Mass Flux Convection Scheme with Representation of Cloud Ensemble Characteristics and Stability-Dependent Closure , 1990 .

[2]  G. Martin,et al.  A New Boundary Layer Mixing Scheme. Part I: Scheme Description and Single-Column Model Tests , 2000 .

[3]  A. Staniforth,et al.  A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere , 2005 .

[4]  C. J. Morcrette,et al.  Evaluation of two cloud parametrization schemes using ARM and Cloud‐Net observations , 2012 .

[5]  M. P. Mittermaier.  Introducing uncertainty of radar-rainfall estimates to the verification of mesoscale model precipitation forecasts , 2008 .

[6]  D. Stephenson.  Use of the “Odds Ratio” for Diagnosing Forecast Skill , 2000 .

[7]  E. Clothiaux,et al.  Objective Determination of Cloud Heights and Radar Reflectivities Using a Combination of Active Remote Sensors at the ARM CART Sites , 2000 .

[8]  Nigel Roberts,et al.  Characteristics of high-resolution versions of the Met Office unified model for forecasting convection over the United Kingdom , 2008 .

[9]  Robin J. Hogan,et al.  Verification of cloud‐fraction forecasts , 2009 .

[10]  Robert Pincus,et al.  Use of cloud radar observations for model evaluation: A probabilistic approach , 2004 .

[11]  Neill E. Bowler,et al.  Explicitly Accounting for Observation Error in Categorical Verification of Forecasts , 2006 .

[12]  A. Slingo,et al.  Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model , 1996 .

[13]  David B. Stephenson,et al.  The extreme dependency score: a non‐vanishing measure for forecasts of rare events , 2008 .

[14]  R. Smith.  A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model , 1990 .

[15]  Oleg A. Krasnov,et al.  Continuous Evaluation of Cloud Profiles in Seven Operational Models Using Ground-Based Observations , 2007 .

[16]  A. Lorenc,et al.  The Met Office global four‐dimensional variational data assimilation scheme , 2007 .

[17]  Cyril J. Morcrette,et al.  PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation scheme. I: Scheme description , 2008 .

[18]  K. Williams,et al.  Initial Tendencies of Cloud Regimes in the Met Office Unified Model , 2008 .

[19]  Damian R. Wilson,et al.  Evaluating cloud systems in the Met Office global forecast model using simulated CloudSat radar reflectivities , 2008 .

[20]  E. Lorenz.  Atmospheric Predictability as Revealed by Naturally Occurring Analogues , 1969 .

[21]  Johannes Quaas,et al.  Global mean cloud feedbacks in idealized climate change experiments , 2006 .

[22]  A. Benedetti,et al.  Validation of ECMWF global forecast model parameters using GLAS atmospheric channel measurements , 2005 .

[23]  Chris Harris,et al.  Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation Met Office climate modelling system , 2010 .

[24]  Damian R. Wilson,et al.  A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK meteorological office unified model , 1999 .

[25]  Jacques Pelon,et al.  Using Continuous Ground-Based Radar and Lidar Measurements for Evaluating the Representation of Clouds in Four Operational Models , 2010 .

[26]  D. Stephenson,et al.  Extremal Dependence Indices: Improved Verification Measures for Deterministic Forecasts of Rare Binary Events , 2011 .

[27]  S. Crewell,et al.  Long-term evaluation of COSMO forecasting using combined observational data of the GOP period , 2011 .

[28]  Eric Gilleland,et al.  Intercomparison of Spatial Forecast Verification Methods , 2009 .

[29]  S. Nadon,et al.  High-Resolution Satellite Analysis and Model Evaluation of Clouds and Radiation over the Mackenzie Basin Using AVHRR Data. , 1998 .