Cooperation Without Consensus in Scientific Problem Solving: Dynamics of Closure in Open Systems

This chapter presents a theoretical model for scientific problem solving as a successful example of cooperative work without consensus. The dynamics of the open systems nature of scientific communities are examined, particularly with respect to problems of closure and adaptability. One particular mechanism, that of boundary objects, is examined in detail. These are objects which are held in common across different parts of a scientific community, but which are adapted to customized use. A typology of such objects is presented.