Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacogenetics, therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical recommendations.

[1]  D. Gaffney,et al.  Cost‐effectiveness of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype screening in patients about to commence azathioprine therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease , 2004, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[2]  S. Targan,et al.  Early Hepatic Nodular Hyperplasia and Submicroscopic Fibrosis Associated With 6-Thioguanine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2004, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[3]  C. Bernstein,et al.  The Utility of 6-Thioguanine Metabolite Levels in Managing Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2004, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[4]  H. McLeod,et al.  Distribution of ITPA P32T alleles in multiple world populations , 2004, Journal of Human Genetics.

[5]  D. Sanders,et al.  Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease , 2004, Gut.

[6]  P. Hooymans,et al.  Some cases demonstrating the clinical usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring in thiopurine-treated inflammatory bowel disease patients , 2004, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[7]  W. Petritsch,et al.  Thioguanine-Induced Symptomatic Thrombocytopenia , 2004, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[8]  D. Hommes,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of 6-Mercaptopurine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Implications for Therapy , 2004, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[9]  Richard E Thompson,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity influences clinical response to azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease. , 2004, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[10]  K. Pritchard-Jones,et al.  Chronic hepatotoxicity following 6‐thioguanine therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia , 2004, British journal of haematology.

[11]  V. Armstrong,et al.  Analytic aspects of monitoring therapy with thiopurine medications. , 2004, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[12]  P. Söderkvist,et al.  Identification of two novel sequence variants affecting thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity. , 2004, Pharmacogenetics.

[13]  H. Togari,et al.  A Japanese case with inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase deficiency attributable to an enzymatic defect in white blood cells , 2004, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.

[14]  C. Lewis,et al.  Adverse drug reactions to azathioprine therapy are associated with polymorphism in the gene encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase). , 2004, Pharmacogenetics.

[15]  M. Schwab,et al.  6-thioguanine-buried alive? , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[16]  K. Rentsch,et al.  Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms: efficient screening method for patients considering taking thiopurine drugs , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[17]  C. Peterson,et al.  Pyrosequencing of TPMT alleles in a general Swedish population and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[18]  B. Korelitz,et al.  CASE REPORT: Prolonged Remission of Severe Crohn's Disease After Fever and Leukopenia Caused by 6-Mercaptopurine , 2004, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[19]  B. Bonaz,et al.  Drug interaction between infliximab and azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[20]  S. Cheung,et al.  Mistaken identity: misclassification of TPMT phenotype following blood transfusion. , 2003, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[21]  V. Saha,et al.  Veno‐occlusive disease in patients receiving thiopurines during maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia , 2003, British journal of haematology.

[22]  S. Bae,et al.  Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea. , 2003, Rheumatology.

[23]  R. Gearry,et al.  Thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype does not predict adverse drug reactions to thiopurine drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[24]  S. Targan,et al.  6-thioguanine can cause serious liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease patients. , 2003, Gastroenterology.

[25]  J. Belaiche,et al.  Tioguanine in patients with Crohn's disease intolerant or resistant to azathioprine/mercaptopurine , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[26]  R. D. De Abreu,et al.  Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in Argentina , 2003, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[27]  U. Hofmann,et al.  High variation of tioguanine absorption in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[28]  A. Weaver,et al.  Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Volume as a Surrogate Marker for 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Concentration Monitoring in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Azathioprine or 6-Mercaptopurine , 2003, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[29]  R. Cacabelos,et al.  Allelic variants of the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene in the Colombian population. , 2003, Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology.

[30]  M. Hiratsuka,et al.  Genotype and allele frequencies of TPMT, NAT2, GST, SULT1A1 and MDR-1 in the Egyptian population. , 2003, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[31]  G. Suarez-Kurtz,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase phenotypes and genotypes in Brazilians. , 2003, Pharmacogenetics.

[32]  E. Ejima,et al.  Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic steatosis in patients with adult onset growth hormone deficiency , 2003, Gut.

[33]  M. Buckley,et al.  Appendicectomy and ulcerative colitis , 2003, Gut.

[34]  H. Mardini,et al.  Utility of Measuring 6‐Methylmercaptopurine and 6‐Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in Managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated With 6‐Mercaptopurine in a Clinical Practice Setting , 2003, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[35]  K. Papadakis Optimizing the therapeutic potential of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. , 2003, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[36]  S. Targan,et al.  Thioguanine: a potential alternate thiopurine for IBD patients allergic to 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[37]  M. Neurath,et al.  CD28-dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. , 2003, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[38]  U. Hofmann,et al.  High variation of 6-thioguanine absorption in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease , 2003 .

[39]  S. Rulyak,et al.  Hepatotoxicity associated with 6-thioguanine therapy for Crohn's disease. , 2003, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[40]  D. McGovern,et al.  Thiopurine therapy: when to start and when to stop , 2003, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[41]  J. Belaiche,et al.  Optimizing treatment with thioguanine derivatives in inflammatory bowel disease. , 2003, Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology.

[42]  S. Mehta,et al.  Diminished Anticoagulant Effects of Warfarin with Concomitant Mercaptopurine Therapy , 2003, Pharmacotherapy.

[43]  C. Lewis,et al.  Genetic determinants of the thiopurine methyltransferase intermediate activity phenotype in British Asians and Caucasians , 2003 .

[44]  M. Schwab,et al.  6‐Thioguanine — efficacy and safety in chronic active Crohn's disease , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[45]  C. Mulder,et al.  6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a short-term safety assessment , 2003, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[46]  T. Florin,et al.  6‐thioguanine: a new old drug to procure remission in inflammatory bowel disease , 2003, Internal medicine journal.

[47]  R. Bloomfeld,et al.  Mercaptopurine metabolite results in clinical gastroenterology practice , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[48]  E. Louis,et al.  Safe treatment of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficient Crohn’s disease patients with azathioprine , 2003, Gut.

[49]  J. Esdaile,et al.  Practical pharmacogenetics: the cost effectiveness of screening for thiopurine s-methyltransferase polymorphisms in patients with rheumatological conditions treated with azathioprine. , 2002, The Journal of rheumatology.

[50]  R. Hegele,et al.  DNA polymorphisms in ITPA including basis of inosine triphosphatase deficiency , 2002, Journal of Human Genetics.

[51]  J. Sanderson,et al.  Genetic basis of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase deficiency , 2002, Human Genetics.

[52]  C Hassan,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity and the use of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease , 2002, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[53]  T. Iga,et al.  Thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in Japanese subjects: metabolic activity of 6-mercaptopurine 6-methylation in different TPMT genotypes. , 2002, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[54]  M. Regueiro,et al.  Determination of Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genotype or Phenotype Optimizes Initial Dosing of Azathioprine for the Treatment of Crohn’s Disease , 2002, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[55]  L. Lennard,et al.  TPMT in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine , 2002, Gut.

[56]  M. Eichelbaum,et al.  Azathioprine therapy and adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: impact of thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism. , 2002, Pharmacogenetics.

[57]  A. Hall,et al.  The effect of thiopurine methyltransferase expression on sensitivity to thiopurine drugs. , 2002, Molecular pharmacology.

[58]  C. Peterson,et al.  Differences Between Children and Adults in Thiopurine Methyltransferase Activity and Metabolite Formation During Thiopurine Therapy: Possible Role of Concomitant Methotrexate , 2002, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[59]  D. Jewell,et al.  The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review , 2002, Gut.

[60]  S. Targan,et al.  6-MP metabolite profiles provide a biochemical explanation for 6-MP resistance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[61]  F. Tsai,et al.  Molecular analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase alleles in South-east Asian populations. , 2002, Pharmacogenetics.

[62]  S. Campbell,et al.  Relevance of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients maintained on low‐dose azathioprine , 2002, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[63]  D. McGovern,et al.  Azathioprine intolerance in patients with IBD may be imidazole-related and is independent of TPMT activity. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[64]  Malcolm D. Smith,et al.  Warfarin and azathioprine: clinically significant drug interaction. , 2002, The Journal of rheumatology.

[65]  K. Schmiegelow,et al.  Monitoring Azathioprine Metabolite Levels and Thiopurine Methyl Transferase (TPMT) Activity in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2002, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[66]  O. Dewit,et al.  Interaction between azathioprine and aminosalicylates: an in vivo study in patients with Crohn’s disease , 2002, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[67]  R. Logan,et al.  Does the use of immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease increase the risk of developing lymphoma? , 2001, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[68]  C. O'Morain,et al.  Probiotics in IBD , 2001, Gut.

[69]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Leucopenia resulting from a drug interaction between azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine and mesalamine, sulphasalazine, or balsalazide , 2001, Gut.

[70]  B. Vainer,et al.  The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6‐mercaptopurine or azathioprine , 2001, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[71]  B. Hoffman,et al.  Steering azathioprine safely: lessons from pharmacogenetics , 2001, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[72]  A. Weaver,et al.  Measurement of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and azathioprine metabolites in patients with inflammatory bowel disease , 2001, Gut.

[73]  B. Hoffman,et al.  Steering azathioprine safely: lessons from pharmacogenetics: Cuffari C, Hunt S, Bayless T, Utilisation of Erythrocyte 6-Thioguanine Metabolite Levels to Optimise Azathioprine Therapy in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gut 2001;48:642–6 , 2001 .

[74]  B. Kirschner,et al.  6-Mercaptopurine Metabolite Levels in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2001, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[75]  D. Present,et al.  Neutropenia is not required for clinical remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease , 2001, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[76]  S. Campbell,et al.  Is neutropenia required for effective maintenance of remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease? , 2001, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[77]  S. Targan,et al.  An Open-Label Pilot Study Using Thioguanine as a Therapeutic Alternative in Crohn's Disease Patients Resistant to 6-Mercaptopurine Therapy , 2001, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[78]  F. Baert,et al.  6-Thioguanine: a naked bullet? (Or how pharmacogenomics can make old drugs brand new). , 2001, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[79]  E. Utsi,et al.  Detection of one single mutation predicts thiopurine S‐methyltransferase activity in a population of Saami in northern Norway , 2001, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[80]  A. McLennan,et al.  Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Human Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphatase Encoded by the ITPAGene* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[81]  J. Lilleyman,et al.  6-Thioguanine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: influence of food on parent drug pharmacokinetics and 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations. , 2001, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[82]  W. Sandborn,et al.  Helicobacter pylori, harmful to the brain? , 2001, Gut.

[83]  T. Bayless,et al.  Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease , 2001, Gut.

[84]  K. Chiba,et al.  Frequencies of thiopurine S-methyltransferase mutant alleles (TPMT*2, *3A, *3B and *3C) in 151 healthy Japanese subjects and the inheritance of TPMT*3C in the family of a propositus. , 2001, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[85]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Thiopurine pharmacogenetics: clinical and molecular studies of thiopurine methyltransferase. , 2001, Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals.

[86]  H. McLeod,et al.  Allelotype frequency of the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene in Japanese. , 2001, Pharmacogenetics.

[87]  N. Meyerstein,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the Jewish population of Israel , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[88]  R. Barale,et al.  Genotype–phenotype correlation for thiopurine S-methyltransferase in healthy Italian subjects , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[89]  S. Krähenbühl,et al.  Veno-occlusive disease, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma after azathioprine treatment in a patient with ulcerative colitis. , 2001, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[90]  A. Mahmoud,et al.  The use of 6‐mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after failure of azathioprine therapy , 2000, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[91]  Dermot Kelleher,et al.  Increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease patients on immunosuppressive therapy but overall risk is low , 2000, Gut.

[92]  A. Chuansumrit,et al.  Frequency of thiopurine S-methyltransferase genetic variation in Thai children with acute leukemia. , 2000, Medical and pediatric oncology.

[93]  D. Ahnen,et al.  No H pylori: less dyspepsia? , 2000, Gut.

[94]  W. Selby,et al.  Use of 6-Mercaptopurine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Previously Intolerant of Azathioprine , 2000, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[95]  W. Evans,et al.  Genetic Polymorphism of Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Importance , 2000, Pharmacology.

[96]  T. Bayless,et al.  Enhanced bioavailability of azathioprine compared to 6‐mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with treatment efficacy , 2000, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[97]  D. Present Interaction of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine with 5-aminosalicylic acid agents. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[98]  B. Bonaz,et al.  Genotypic analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[99]  J. Schwartz,et al.  Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: benefits outweigh the risk of lymphoma. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[100]  R. Baldassano,et al.  Normal thiopurine methyltransferase levels do not eliminate 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine toxicity in children with inflammatory bowel disease. , 2000, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[101]  I. Arnott,et al.  Portal hypertension in the presence of minimal liver damage in Crohn's disease on long-term azathioprine: possible endothelial cell injury. , 2000, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[102]  W. Evans,et al.  Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine methyltransferase and its clinical relevance for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia , 2000, Leukemia.

[103]  S. Targan,et al.  Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[104]  M. Hiratsuka,et al.  Genetic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism in a Japanese population. , 2000, Mutation research.

[105]  Y. Horsmans,et al.  Relationship between red cell mean corpuscular volume and 6-thioguanine nucleotides in patients treated with azathioprine. , 2000, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[106]  A. Amorim,et al.  Screening of thiopurine S‐methyltransferase mutations by horizontal conformation‐sensitive gel electrophoresis , 2000 .

[107]  D. Present How to do without steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. , 2000, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[108]  H. McLeod,et al.  Ethnic differences in thiopurine methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: evidence for allele specificity in Caucasian and Kenyan individuals. , 1999, Pharmacogenetics.

[109]  H. McLeod,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and the toxicity of azathioprine in Japanese. , 1999, Internal medicine.

[110]  P. Adamson,et al.  Thioguanine administered as a continuous intravenous infusion to pediatric patients is metabolized to the novel metabolite 8-hydroxy-thioguanine. , 1999, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[111]  B. Korelitz,et al.  Malignant neoplasms subsequent to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[112]  D. Symmons,et al.  Risk of developing certain malignancies is related to duration of immunosuppressive drug exposure in patients with rheumatic diseases. , 1999, The Journal of rheumatology.

[113]  V. Marathias,et al.  6-Thioguanine alters the structure and stability of duplex DNA and inhibits quadruplex DNA formation. , 1999, Nucleic acids research.

[114]  J. Lilleyman,et al.  In vitro metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine by human liver cytosol. , 1999, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[115]  M. Prata,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: alternative molecular diagnosis and preliminary data from Northern Portugal. , 1999, Pharmacogenetics.

[116]  H. McLeod,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase alleles in British and Ghanaian populations. , 1999, Human molecular genetics.

[117]  M. Relling,et al.  Polymorphism of the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene in African-Americans. , 1999, Human molecular genetics.

[118]  D. Collier,et al.  The frequency and distribution of thiopurine methyltransferase alleles in Caucasian and Asian populations. , 1999, Pharmacogenetics.

[119]  G. Fick,et al.  Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. , 1998, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[120]  J. Lafitte,et al.  Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of the polymorphic thiopurine S‐methyltransferase gene (TPMT) in a European population , 1998, British journal of pharmacology.

[121]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Olsalazine and 6‐mercaptopurine‐related bone marrow suppression: A possible drug‐drug interaction , 1997, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[122]  W. Evans,et al.  Enhanced proteolysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) encoded by mutant alleles in humans (TPMT*3A, TPMT*2): mechanisms for the genetic polymorphism of TPMT activity. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[123]  Ching-Hon Pui,et al.  Molecular Diagnosis of Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Deficiency: Genetic Basis for Azathioprine and Mercaptopurine Intolerance , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[124]  K. Lake,et al.  Azathioprine and Allopurinol: The Price of an Avoidable Drug Interaction , 1996, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[125]  Y. Théorêt,et al.  6-Mercaptopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease: correlation with efficacy and toxicity. , 1996, Gut.

[126]  C. Bodian,et al.  The long-term outcome of ulcerative colitis treated with 6-mercaptopurine. , 1996, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[127]  M. Relling,et al.  Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine S-methyltransferase: clinical importance and molecular mechanisms. , 1996, Pharmacogenetics.

[128]  J. Maddocks,et al.  Rational design of novel immunosuppressive drugs: analogues of azathioprine lacking the 6-mercaptopurine substituent retain or have enhanced immunosuppressive effects. , 1996, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[129]  N. Banner,et al.  Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation. , 1996, Transplantation.

[130]  W. Evans,et al.  Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency: two nucleotide transitions define the most prevalent mutant allele associated with loss of catalytic activity in Caucasians. , 1996, American journal of human genetics.

[131]  W. Sandborn A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate. , 1996, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[132]  R. Modigliani,et al.  Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine , 1996, The Lancet.

[133]  M. Gerig,et al.  A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease. , 1995, Gut.

[134]  G. Fick,et al.  Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Crohn Disease , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[135]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Sulphasalazine inhibition of thiopurine methyltransferase: possible mechanism for interaction with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. , 1995, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[136]  J. Willoughby,et al.  Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are not necessarily interchangeable in the treatment of Crohn's disease , 1995 .

[137]  R. Westendorp,et al.  Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. , 1995, Gut.

[138]  J. Soulé,et al.  Reversible lymphoma in the setting of azathioprine therapy for Crohn's disease. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[139]  B. Portmann,et al.  Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation , 1994, Hepatology.

[140]  M. Kamm,et al.  Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease , 1994, The Lancet.

[141]  P. Munkholm,et al.  Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn's disease. , 1994, Gut.

[142]  B. Korelitz,et al.  The role of leukopenia in the 6-mercaptopurine-induced remission of refractory Crohn's disease. , 1994, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[143]  C. Pui,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in American white subjects and black subjects , 1994, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[144]  M. Kamm,et al.  Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. , 1993, Gut.

[145]  B. Korelitz,et al.  Long-term experience with 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn's disease. , 1993, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[146]  J. Lilleyman,et al.  Is 6-thioguanine more appropriate than 6-mercaptopurine for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? , 1993, British Journal of Cancer.

[147]  W. Kalow,et al.  Thiopurine S‐methyltransferase activity in a Chinese population , 1993, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[148]  N. Kao,et al.  6-Thioguanine therapy for psoriasis causing toxic hepatic venoocclusive disease. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[149]  G. Blyden,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in a sample population of black subjects in Florida , 1993, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[150]  J. Gummert,et al.  Azathioprine-induced myelosuppression in thiopurine methyltransferase deficient heart transplant recipient , 1993, The Lancet.

[151]  D. Pessayre,et al.  Pharmacogenetics of human erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase activity in a French population. , 1991, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[152]  R. Gray,et al.  Thioguanine used in maintenance therapy of chronic myeloid leukaemia causes non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension. RESULTS FROM MRC CML II TRIAL COMPARING BUSULPHAN WITH BUSULPHAN AND THIOGUANINE , 1991, British journal of haematology.

[153]  M. Chevallier,et al.  Azathioprine induced liver disease: nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver and perivenous fibrosis in a patient treated for multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Gut.

[154]  D. Harrison,et al.  Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with cytotoxic drugs. , 1990, Journal of clinical pathology.

[155]  S. Meltzer,et al.  6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: short- and long-term toxicity. , 1989, Annals of internal medicine.

[156]  V. Fonseca,et al.  Portal hypertension secondary to azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. , 1988, Postgraduate medical journal.

[157]  A. Silman,et al.  Lymphoproliferative cancer and other malignancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with azathioprine: a 20 year follow up study. , 1988, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[158]  H. Whitwell,et al.  Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations. , 1988, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[159]  L. Grochow,et al.  VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE OF THE LIVER FOLLOWING BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION , 1987, Transplantation.

[160]  N. Key,et al.  OESOPHAGEAL VARICES ASSOCIATED WITH BUSULPHAN-THIOGUANINE COMBINATION THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA , 1987, The Lancet.

[161]  L. Kinlen Incidence of cancer in rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders after immunosuppressive treatment. , 1985, The American journal of medicine.

[162]  R. Zalusky,et al.  The use of azathiaprine and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) as immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease and its role in the etiology of lymphocytic lymphoma. , 1983, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[163]  R. Raz,et al.  Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease and 6-thioguanine. , 1982, Annals of internal medicine.

[164]  M. Farthing,et al.  Liver disease after bone marrow transplantation. , 1982, Gut.

[165]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Inhibition of hepatic metabolism of azathioprine by furosemide in human liver in vitro. , 1980, Biochemical pharmacology.

[166]  P. Griner,et al.  Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy of acute leukemia. Report of two cases. , 1976, Annals of internal medicine.

[167]  P. Steiner Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. , 1959, The American journal of pathology.

[168]  L. Lennard The clinical pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine , 2005, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[169]  T. Bayless,et al.  Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell DNA 6-Thioguanine Metabolite Levels Correlate with Decreased Interferon-γ Production in Patients with Crohn's Disease on AZA Therapy , 2004, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[170]  M. Dubinsky,et al.  Early nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring with inflammatory bowel diseases in association with thioguanine therapy. , 2004, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[171]  K. Schmiegelow,et al.  Pharmacological monitoring of azathioprine therapy. , 2003, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[172]  H. Corrêa,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms in a Brazilian population , 2003, The Pharmacogenomics Journal.

[173]  E. Seidman Clinical use and practical application of TPMT enzyme and 6-mercaptopurine metabolite monitoring in IBD. , 2003, Reviews in gastroenterological disorders.

[174]  S. Hanauer,et al.  The state of the art in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. , 2003, Reviews in gastroenterological disorders.

[175]  G. Porro,et al.  Comparative Tolerability of Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis , 2002, Drug safety.

[176]  U. Klotz,et al.  Pharmacokinetic Considerations in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2001, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[177]  J. Belaiche,et al.  Therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in Crohn disease. , 2001, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[178]  A. Hall,et al.  Recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of thiopurine methyltransferase , 2001, The Pharmacogenomics Journal.

[179]  S. V. Zanten,et al.  Frequency of use and standards of care for the use of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature and a survey of Canadian gastroenterologists. , 2001, Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie.

[180]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Erratum: Olsalazine and 6-mercaptopurine-related bone marrow suppression: A possible drug-drug interaction (Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1997) 62 (464-475)) , 2000 .

[181]  J. Aznar,et al.  Transplacental transmission of EDTA-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia , 1999 .

[182]  G. Griffioen,et al.  Azathioprine: an update on clinical efficacy and safety in inflammatory bowel disease. , 1999, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement.

[183]  N. Weyer,et al.  PHARMACOKINETICS AND DISPOSITION , 1998 .

[184]  U. Jeppesen,et al.  Clinically important interaction between azathioprine (Imurel) and phenprocoumon (Marcoumar) , 1997, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[185]  M. Kaplan,et al.  The successful treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine after failure with azathioprine. , 1996, Gastroenterology.

[186]  A. Naber,et al.  Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver: an important cause of portal hypertension in non-cirrhotic patients. , 1991, Journal of hepatology.

[187]  P. Best,et al.  Is nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver associated with azathioprine therapy after renal transplantation? , 1988, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[188]  B. Charpentier,et al.  Three cases of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver following renal transplantation. , 1988, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[189]  D. Maneval,et al.  Hepatic veno-occlusive disease caused by 6-thioguanine. , 1982, Annals of internal medicine.