Diencephalic amnesia: a reorientation towards tracts?

[1]  I. Gritti,et al.  Ibotenic acid lesions of the thalamic medialis dorsalis nucleus in the cat: Effects on the sleep-waking cycle , 1988, Neuroscience Letters.

[2]  R G Robinson,et al.  Differential mood changes following basal ganglia vs thalamic lesions. , 1988, Archives of neurology.

[3]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  Thalamic infarcts , 1988, Neurology.

[4]  K. Heilman,et al.  Memory loss from a subcortical white matter infarct. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[5]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  Subcortical neglect: Neuropsychological, SPECT, and neuropathological correlations with anterior choroidal artery territory infarction , 1988, Annals of neurology.

[6]  P. Best,et al.  Mediodorsal thalamic lesions impair radial maze performance in the rat. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[7]  R. Ganellen,et al.  Transient global amnesia and thalamic infarction , 1988, Neurology.

[8]  B. Condon,et al.  Early and late magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological outcome after head injury. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[9]  H. Groenewegen Organization of the afferent connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to the mediodorsal-prefrontal topography , 1988, Neuroscience.

[10]  J. Grafman,et al.  Intellectual function following penetrating head injury in Vietnam veterans. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[11]  J. Marshall,et al.  The variable clinical and CT findings after carotid occlusion: the role of collateral blood supply. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[12]  J. Ferrendelli,et al.  Phenytoin and carbamazepine , 1988, Neurology.

[13]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  Manic delirium and frontal-like syndrome with paramedian infarction of the right thalamus. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[14]  S. Waxman Functional recovery in neurological disease , 1988 .

[15]  A. Kertesz,et al.  What do we learn from recovery from aphasia? , 1988, Advances in neurology.

[16]  P Bach-y-Rita,et al.  Clinical observations on recovery from stroke. , 1988, Advances in neurology.

[17]  A. Smith,et al.  Diaschisis, site, time and other factors in raven performances of adults with focal cerebral lesions. , 1988, The International journal of neuroscience.

[18]  E. Irle,et al.  Cortical and subcortical afferent connections of the squirrel monkey's (lateral) premotor cortex: evidence for visual cortical afferents. , 1987, The International journal of neuroscience.

[19]  R. DeLaPaz,et al.  Mamillary body atrophy in Wernicke's encephalopathy: Antemortem identification using magnetic resonance imaging , 1987, Annals of neurology.

[20]  F Fazio,et al.  Aphasia and neglect after subcortical stroke. A clinical/cerebral perfusion correlation study. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[21]  A R Damasio,et al.  Normal memory after damage to medial thalamus. , 1987, Archives of neurology.

[22]  P E Roland,et al.  Does mental activity change the oxidative metabolism of the brain? , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[23]  J. Degos,et al.  Early and delayed SPECT using N-isopropyl p-iodoamphetamine iodine 123 in cerebral ischemia. A prognostic index for clinical recovery. , 1987, Archives of neurology.

[24]  E. Renzi,et al.  Bilateral paramedian thalamic artery infarcts: report of eight cases. , 1987, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[25]  C. Pozzilli,et al.  Remote Effects of Caudate Hemorrhage: A Clinical and Functional Study , 1987, Cortex.

[26]  M. Mishkin,et al.  The anatomy of memory. , 1987, Scientific American.

[27]  D L Schacter,et al.  Neurochemical dissociation of memory systems , 1987, Neurology.

[28]  E. Kokmen,et al.  The paramedian diencephalic syndrome: a dynamic phenomenon. , 1987, Stroke.

[29]  K M Heilman,et al.  Hemispace-visual field interactions in visual extinction. , 1987, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[30]  D. Amaral,et al.  The afferent input to the magnocellular division of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[31]  H. Fukuyama,et al.  Acute-onset amnestic syndrome with localized infarct on the dominant side--comparison between anteromedial thalamic lesion and posterior cerebral artery territory lesion. , 1987, Japanese journal of medicine.

[32]  L. Squire Memory and Brain , 1987 .

[33]  Jordan Grafman,et al.  Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury. , 1987 .

[34]  Douglas L. Rosene,et al.  The Hippocampal Formation of the Primate Brain , 1987 .

[35]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Neuroanatomy of memory and amnesia: a case for multiple memory systems. , 1987, Human neurobiology.

[36]  A. Torvik Topographic distribution and severity of brain lesions in Wernicke's encephalopathy. , 1987, Clinical neuropathology.

[37]  R. Mair,et al.  Multimodal sensory discrimination deficits in Korsakoff's psychosis , 1986, Neuropsychologia.

[38]  J. Baron,et al.  Effects of thalamic stroke on energy metabolism of the cerebral cortex. A positron tomography study in man. , 1986, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[39]  A. Yamadori,et al.  Left thalamic infarction and disturbance of verbal memory: A clinicoanatomical study with a new method of computed tomographc stereotaxic lesion localization , 1986, Annals of neurology.

[40]  M. Velasco,et al.  Neglect induced by thalamotomy in humans: a quantitative appraisal of the sensory and motor deficits. , 1986, Neurosurgery.

[41]  K Wienhard,et al.  PET, CT, and MR Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease , 1986, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[42]  Stephen M. Rao,et al.  Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: a critical review. , 1986, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[43]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Some aspects of memory functions and the temporal lobes , 1986, Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[44]  E. John,et al.  Double-labeled metabolic maps of memory. , 1986, Science.

[45]  S. Waxman,et al.  Thalamic hemorrhage with neglect and memory disorder , 1986, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[46]  W. Steinbrich,et al.  [MR of ischemic brain diseases. A comparison with CT, PET (18-fluorodeoxyglucose) and angiographic results]. , 1986, RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin.

[47]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Visual recognition in monkeys following rhinal cortical ablations combined with either amygdalectomy or hippocampectomy , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[48]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  Unilateral left paramedian infarction of thalamus and midbrain: a clinico-pathological study. , 1986, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[49]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamic artery territory infarction. , 1986, Stroke.

[50]  J. Gillin,et al.  Sleep EEG in Korsakoff's psychosis and Alzheimer's disease , 1986, Neurology.

[51]  K. Uemura,et al.  CT classification of small thalamic hemorrhages and their clinical implications , 1986, Neurology.

[52]  J. Grafman,et al.  The relationship of brain-tissue loss volume and lesion location to cognitive deficit , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[53]  M Mishkin,et al.  The origin, course, and termination of the hippocampothalamic projections in the macaque , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[54]  E. Armstrong Enlarged limbic structures in the human brain: the anterior thalamus and medial mamillary body , 1986, Brain Research.

[55]  B. Uzzell Pathophysiology and Behavioral Recovery , 1986 .

[56]  J. Baron,et al.  Hypométabolisme cortical après lésion thalamique chez l'homme: étude par la tomographie a positons. , 1986 .

[57]  Démence thalamique après lésion hémorragique unilatérale du pulvinar droit. , 1986 .

[58]  D. Cramon,et al.  Is Vascular Thalamic Amnesia a Disconnection Syndrome , 1986 .

[59]  [Cortical hypometabolism after a thalamic lesion in man: positron tomography study]. , 1986, Revue neurologique.

[60]  G. Goldenberg,et al.  [Memory disorders in lesions of the thalamus in man]. , 1986, Revue neurologique.

[61]  E. Irle,et al.  Afferent connections of the substantia innominata/basal nucleus of Meynert in carnivores and primates. , 1986, Journal fur Hirnforschung.

[62]  C. Rossberg,et al.  [Unilateral and bilateral infarcts in the area supplied by the posterior thalamoperforating artery: neuropathologic findings]. , 1986, Der Nervenarzt.

[63]  Hans J. Markowitsch,et al.  The neuropathology of amnesia , 1985, Progress in Neurobiology.

[64]  E. Irle,et al.  Cortical and subcortical afferent connections of the primate's temporal pole: A study of rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and marmosets , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[65]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Comparison of glucose metabolism, x‐ray CT, and postmortem data in a patient with multiple cerebral infarcts , 1985, Neurology.

[66]  D. V. von Cramon,et al.  A contribution to the anatomical basis of thalamic amnesia. , 1985, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[67]  Schütz Hj Klinik und Langzeitprognose spontaner Thalamushämatome , 1985 .

[68]  C. Duyckaerts,et al.  Bilateral and limited amygdalohippocampal lesions causing a pure amnesic syndrome , 1985, Annals of neurology.

[69]  R. A. Swanson,et al.  Amnestic syndrome and vertical gaze palsy: early detection of bilateral thalamic infarction by CT and NMR. , 1985, Stroke.

[70]  E. Siska,et al.  Die ,,Thalamus-Demenz" , 1985 .

[71]  G. J. Thomas,et al.  Mammillothalamic tracts and representational memory. , 1985, Behavioral neuroscience.

[72]  A. Damasio,et al.  Nonhaemorrhagic thalamic infarction. Clinical, neuropsychological and electrophysiological findings in four anatomical groups defined by computerized tomography. , 1985, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[73]  L R Squire,et al.  Amnesia in monkeys after lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus , 1985, Annals of neurology.

[74]  N. J. Cohen,et al.  Analyses of Global Memory Impairments of Different Etiologies a , 1985, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[75]  J. Reuler,et al.  Wernicke's Encephalopathy , 1985 .

[76]  N. Butters Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome: some unresolved issues concerning etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive deficits. , 1985, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[77]  J. Kessler,et al.  Consequences of serial cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic lesions and of different lengths of overtraining on the acquisition and retention of learning tasks. , 1985, Behavioral neuroscience.

[78]  M. Sarter,et al.  The Amygdala's Role in Human Mnemonic Processing , 1985, Cortex.

[79]  W. Heiss,et al.  Remote Effects of Focal Lesions on Cerebral Flow and Metabolism , 1985 .

[80]  J. Mikol,et al.  [Neuropathology of amnesic syndromes in man]. , 1985, Revue neurologique.

[81]  M. Sarter,et al.  Involvement of the amygdala in learning and memory: a critical review, with emphasis on anatomical relations. , 1985, Behavioral neuroscience.

[82]  G. Winocur,et al.  Amnesia in a patient with bilateral lesions to the thalamus , 1984, Neuropsychologia.

[83]  Daniel B Hier,et al.  Aphasia after left thalamic infarction. , 1984, Archives of neurology.

[84]  J. R. McDowell,et al.  Computed tomographic findings in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. , 1984, Archives of neurology.

[85]  H. Markowitsch Can Amnesia be Caused by Damage of a Single Brain Structure? , 1984, Cortex.

[86]  B. Deelman,et al.  Problems in measuring cognitive recovery after acute brain injury. , 1984, Journal of clinical neuropsychology.

[87]  A. Damasio,et al.  Nonhemorrhagic infarction of the thalamus , 1984, Neurology.

[88]  H. Markowitsch,et al.  Cortical and thalamic afferent connections of the insular and adjacent cortex of the cat , 1983, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[89]  Aaron Smith 15 – Early and Long-Term Recovery from Brain Damage in Children and Adults: Evolution of Concepts of Localization, Plasticity, and Recovery , 1984 .

[90]  E. Irle,et al.  Cortical and subcortical, including sensory-related, afferents to the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus of the cat. , 1984, Journal fur Hirnforschung.

[91]  M Mishkin,et al.  Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus monkey , 1984, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[92]  S. Schachter,et al.  Medial thalamic hemorrhage with amnesia. , 1983, Archives of neurology.

[93]  Robert C. Collins,et al.  Recovery from unilateral neglect , 1983, Experimental Neurology.

[94]  S. Dikmen,et al.  Neuropsychological recovery in head injury. , 1983, Archives of neurology.

[95]  D. Stuss,et al.  The syndrome of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction , 1983, Neurology.

[96]  K. Heilman,et al.  Anterograde memory deficits for visuospatial material after infarction of the right thalamus. , 1983, Archives of neurology.

[97]  H. Kornhuber,et al.  Neuropsychological deficits associated with small unilateral thalamic lesions. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[98]  D. Wade,et al.  Recovery after stroke , 1983, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[99]  J. Martín,et al.  Selective thalamic degeneration--report of a case with memory and mental disturbances. , 1983, Clinical neuropathology.

[100]  K. Heilman,et al.  Amnestic disturbance following infarction of the left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus , 1982, Neuropsychologia.

[101]  Elizabeth K. Warrington,et al.  Amnesia: A disconnection syndrome? , 1982, Neuropsychologia.

[102]  M. Mishkin,et al.  The neuroanatomy of amnesia: amygdala-hippocampus versus temporal stem. , 1982, Science.

[103]  E. Irle,et al.  The thalamic mediodorsal nucleus receives input from thalamic and cortical regions related to vision , 1982, Neuroscience Letters.

[104]  J. Kessler,et al.  Subtle but distinct impairments of rats with chemical lesions in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus, tested in a radial arm maze. , 1982, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[105]  E. Irle,et al.  Single and combined lesions of the cat's thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and the mamillary bodies lead to severe deficits in the acquisition of an alternation task , 1982, Behavioural Brain Research.

[106]  Hans J. Markowitsch,et al.  Thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and memory: A critical evaluation of studies in animals and man , 1982, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[107]  C. Fisher Lacunar strokes and infarcts , 1982, Neurology.

[108]  S. Herold,et al.  [The aetiology of bilateral symmetrical lesions of the thalamus]. , 1982, Der Nervenarzt.

[109]  M. Mishkin A memory system in the monkey. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[110]  W. Hirst,et al.  The amnesic syndrome: descriptions and explanations. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[111]  H. Markowitsch Retention performance of a learned delayed-alternation task after chemical lesions of the cat's mediodorsal nucleus , 1982, Behavioural Brain Research.

[112]  K. Heilman,et al.  Transcortical aphasia from ischaemic infarcts of the thalamus: a report of two cases. , 1982, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[113]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Spatial memory impairments following damage to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in rhesus monkeys , 1982, Brain Research.

[114]  B. Laurent,et al.  Infarctus thalamique paramédian gauche. Etude de la mémoire et du langage. , 1982 .

[115]  B. Laurent,et al.  [Left paramedian thalamic infarct. Memory and language study]. , 1982, Revue neurologique.

[116]  M. Mesulam A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect , 1981, Annals of neurology.

[117]  Clinical,et al.  Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts: Clinical and neuropathological study , 1981, Annals of neurology.

[118]  K. Heilman,et al.  Thalamic neglect. Possible role of the medial thalamus and nucleus reticularis in behavior. , 1981, Archives of neurology.

[119]  I. Ilinsky,et al.  Case report. Aphasia in thalamic stroke: CT stereotactic localization. , 1981, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[120]  L R Squire,et al.  Two forms of human amnesia: an analysis of forgetting , 1981, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[121]  F. Mauguière,et al.  Négligence motrice par hématome thalamique droit. , 1981 .

[122]  F. Mauguière,et al.  [Motor negligence in a case of right thalamic hematoma (author's transl)]. , 1981, Revue neurologique.

[123]  H. Markowitsch,et al.  Prefrontal cortex of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) defined as cortical projection area of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus. , 1981, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[124]  J. Barbizet,et al.  [Amnesia from bilateral ischemic lesions of the thalamus (author's transl)]. , 1981, Revue neurologique.

[125]  Feinberg Jf The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. , 1980 .

[126]  M. Alexander,et al.  Aphasia after left hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage , 1980, Neurology.

[127]  L. Cermak,et al.  Encoding specificity in the alcoholic Korsakoff patient , 1980, Brain and Language.

[128]  R Mair,et al.  Odor discrimination and memory in Korsakoff's psychosis. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[129]  Cohen Ja,et al.  Thalamic infarction producing aphasia. , 1980 .

[130]  M. Oscar-Berman Neuropsychological consequences of long-term chronic alcoholism. , 1980, American scientist.

[131]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. , 1979, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[132]  L. Squire,et al.  Dorsal thalamic lesion in a noted case of human memory dysfunction , 1979, Annals of neurology.

[133]  D. V. von Cramon,et al.  [Amnestic syndrome associated with bilateral thalamic lesions: a case report (author's transl)]. , 1979, Der Nervenarzt.

[134]  C. Harper Wernicke's encephalopathy: a more common disease than realised. A neuropathological study of 51 cases. , 1979, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[135]  G. Ojemann,et al.  Left thalamic hemorrhage with dysphasia: A report of five cases , 1979, Brain and Language.

[136]  J. Mikol,et al.  Atteinte du noyau lateral dorsal du thalamus et syndrome de Korsakoff alcoolique , 1978, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[137]  R. P. Mills,et al.  Vertical oculomotor apraxia and memory loss , 1978, Annals of neurology.

[138]  G. Ojemann,et al.  Aphasia and left thalamic hemorrhage. , 1978, Journal of neurosurgery.

[139]  J. Voogd,et al.  The human central nervous system : a synopsis and atlas , 1978 .

[140]  P. Tueting,et al.  Event-related brain potentials in man , 1978 .

[141]  J. A. Horel The neuroanatomy of amnesia. A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. , 1978, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[142]  D. Perl,et al.  Diencephalic amnesia: a reappraisal. , 1976, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[143]  J. Mohr,et al.  Thalamic hemorrhage and aphasia , 1975, Brain and Language.

[144]  A. George,et al.  Anatomy of the thalamoperforating arteries with special emphasis on arteriography of the third ventricle: Part I. , 1975, The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine.

[145]  H. Teuber,et al.  Recovery of function after brain injury in man. , 1975, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[146]  K. Heilman,et al.  A unilateral memory defect 1 , 1974, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[147]  A. Brodal,et al.  Self-observations and neuro-anatomical considerations after a stroke. , 1973, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[148]  C. Thulin,et al.  FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AFTER SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE , 1973, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[149]  H. Kornhuber Neural Control of Input into Long Term Memory: Limbic System and Amnestic Syndrome in Man , 1973 .

[150]  L. Jarho Korsakoff-like amnesic syndrome in penetrating brain injury. A study of Finnish war veterans. , 1973, Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[151]  F. Lhermitte,et al.  [Neuropsychologic analysis and differentiation of amnesia syndromes]. , 1972, Revue neurologique.

[152]  M. Sidman,et al.  Right hemianopia with memory and color deficits in circumscribed left posterior cerebral artery territory infarction , 1971, Neurology.

[153]  Vanderwolf Ch Limbic-diencephalic mechanisms of voluntary movement. , 1971 .

[154]  J. De Reuck,et al.  The vascularization of the human thalamus. , 1970, Acta neurologica Belgica.

[155]  L. Squire Mechanisms of memory. , 1986, Lancet.

[156]  D. S. Bell Speech functions of the thalamus inferred from the effects of thalamotomy. , 1968, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[157]  J. Degos,et al.  [Thalamic dementia of vascular origin due to bilateral softening limited to the region of the retromamillary peduncle. Apropos of 2 anatomo-clinical cases]. , 1966, Revue neurologique.

[158]  M. Yașargil,et al.  Is there a dominant thalamus? , 1965, Confinia Neurologica.

[159]  B. Slotnick,et al.  BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF MAMMILLOTHALAMIC TRACTOTOMY IN CATS. , 1963, Journal of neurophysiology.

[160]  J. Korein,et al.  Wernicke's Encephalopathy: A Clinical and Pathological Study of 28 Autopsied Cases , 1961 .

[161]  P. Gloor,et al.  The connections of the amygdala and of the anterior temporal cortex in the human brain , 1960, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[162]  S. Brion,et al.  [The mammillary bodies & Korsakoff's syndrome; anatomical study of 8 cases of Korsakoff's syndrome of alcoholic origin without significant alteration of the cerebral cortex. II. Mammillary tubercules & memory mechanism]. , 1958, La Presse medicale.

[163]  S. Brion,et al.  [The mammillary bodies and Korsakoff's syndrome; anatomical study of eight cases of Korsakoff's syndrome of alcoholic origin without any significant changes in the cerebral cortex. I. Anatomo-clinical study]. , 1958, La Presse medicale.

[164]  S. Schulman BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL DEGENERATION OF THE THALAMUS: A CLINICO‐PATHOLOGICAL STUDY , 1957, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[165]  N. Malamud,et al.  Relationship between the Wernicke and the Korsakoff syndrome; a clinicopathologic study of seventy cases. , 1956, A.M.A. archives of neurology and psychiatry.

[166]  P. Yakovlev MOTILITY, BEHAVIOR AND THE BRAIN*: STEREODYNAMIC ORGANIZATION AND NEURAL CO‐ORDINATES OF BEHAVIOR , 1948, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[167]  M. Remy Contribution à l'étude de la maladie de Korsakow , 1942 .

[168]  E. Grünthal Über das Corpus mamillare und den Korsakowschen Symptomenkomplex. pp 64–81 , 1939 .

[169]  J. W. Papez A PROPOSED MECHANISM OF EMOTION , 1937 .

[170]  C. Monakow,et al.  Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch kortikale Herde , 1914 .