Flicker Emission of Wind Turbines Caused by Switching Operations

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of the flicker of wind turbines. Special emphasis is on explaining the start-up procedure and deriving equations for the calculation of flicker produced by switching operations. The derived equations are compared with intemational standards. The paper includes measurements of the start and stop of different types of turbines. Finally, the paper makes a comparison of flicker limitations at wind parks.