Guided wave field calculation in anisotropic layered structures using normal mode expansion method

The guided wave technique is commonly used in structural health monitoring as the guided waves can propagate far in the structures without much energy loss. The guided waves are conventionally generated by the surface-mounted piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS). However, there is still lack of understanding of the wave propagation in layered structures, especially in structures made of anisotropic materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. In this paper, the Rayleigh-Lamb wave strain tuning curves in a PWAS-mounted unidirectional CFRP plate are analytically derived using the normal mode expansion (NME) method. The excitation frequency spectrum is then multiplied by the tuning curves to calculate the frequency response spectrum. The corresponding time domain responses are obtained through the inverse Fourier transform. The theoretical calculations are validated through finite element analysis and an experimental study. The PWAS responses under the free, debonded and bonded CFRP conditions are investigated and compared. The results demonstrate that the amplitude and travelling time of wave packet can be used to evaluate the CFRP bonding conditions. The method can work on a baseline-free manner.

[1]  Volume Su.  IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity , 1984 .

[2]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media , 2014 .

[3]  V. Giurgiutiu,et al.  Theoretical calculation of circular-crested Lamb wave field in single- and multi-layer isotropic plates using the normal mode expansion method , 2020, Structural Health Monitoring.

[4]  L. Knopoff.  A matrix method for elastic wave problems , 1964 .

[5]  C. Ng,et al.  Rayleigh wave for detecting debonding in FRP-retrofitted concrete structures using piezoelectric transducers , 2017 .

[6]  Richard L. Weaver,et al.  Axisymmetric Elastic Waves Excited by a Point Source in a Plate , 1982 .

[7]  C. Vrettos.  Green's functions for vertical point load on an elastic half-space with depth-degrading stiffness , 2008 .

[8]  Philip W Loveday,et al.  Semi-analytical finite element analysis of elastic waveguides subjected to axial loads. , 2009, Ultrasonics.

[9]  P.D. Wilcox,et al.  Omni-directional guided wave transducer arrays for the rapid inspection of large areas of plate structures , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[10]  Mohammad H. Sherafat,et al.  Guided wave scattering behavior in composite bonded assemblies , 2016 .

[11]  Yan Li,et al.  Influence of anisotropy on the dispersion characteristics of guided ultrasonic plate modes , 1990 .

[12]  J. Achenbach,et al.  Wave motion in an isotropic elastic layer generated by a time-harmonic point load of arbitrary direction , 1999 .

[13]  Giola Santoni,et al.  Fundamental studies in the Lamb-wave interaction between piezoelectric wafer active sensor and host structure during structural health monitoring , 2010 .

[14]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Exact Shear-lag Solution for Guided Waves Tuning with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors , 2012 .

[15]  Cara A. C. Leckey,et al.  Guided waves in anisotropic and quasi-isotropic aerospace composites: three-dimensional simulation and experiment. , 2014, Ultrasonics.

[16]  Chung Bang Yun,et al.  Ultrasonic guided wave approach incorporating SAFE for detecting wire breakage in bridge cable , 2018 .

[17]  Marek Krawczuk,et al.  Spectral Finite Element Method , 2012 .

[18]  Natalia Glushkova,et al.  Forced wave propagation and energy distribution in anisotropic laminate composites. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  Yu Qian,et al.  Benefits of high strength reduced modulus (HSRM) concrete railroad ties under center binding support conditions , 2018 .

[20]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Combined analytical FEM approach for efficient simulation of Lamb wave damage detection. , 2016, Ultrasonics.

[21]  C. Ng,et al.  Scattering characteristics of Lamb waves from debondings at structural features in composite laminates. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[22]  Michael F. Petrou,et al.  Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks Using Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials , 2008 .

[23]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Exact analytical modeling of power and energy for multimode lamb waves excited by piezoelectric wafer active sensors , 2014 .

[24]  P. Wilcox,et al.  Modeling the excitation of guided waves in generally anisotropic multilayered media , 2007 .

[25]  D E Chimenti,et al.  Review of air-coupled ultrasonic materials characterization. , 2014, Ultrasonics.

[26]  A. Pau.  Derivation of wave mode orthogonality from reciprocity in direct notation , 2018 .

[27]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  WaveFormRevealer: An analytical framework and predictive tool for the simulation of multi-modal guided wave propagation and interaction with damage , 2014 .

[28]  V. Giurgiutiu,et al.  In situ 2-D piezoelectric wafer active sensors arrays for guided wave damage detection. , 2008, Ultrasonics.

[29]  B. Auld,et al.  Acoustic fields and waves in solids , 1973 .

[30]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Guided wave excitation and propagation in damped composite plates , 2019 .

[31]  D. Saravanos,et al.  A layerwise semi-analytical method for modeling guided wave propagation in laminated and sandwich composite strips with induced surface excitation , 2016 .

[32]  M.J.S. Lowe,et al.  Matrix techniques for modeling ultrasonic waves in multilayered media , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[33]  S. Rokhlin,et al.  Stable reformulation of transfer matrix method for wave propagation in layered anisotropic media. , 2001, Ultrasonics.

[34]  C. Ng,et al.  Rayleigh wave propagation and scattering characteristics at debondings in fibre-reinforced polymer-retrofitted concrete structures , 2019 .

[36]  Cara A. C. Leckey,et al.  Simulation of guided‐wave ultrasound propagation in composite laminates: Benchmark comparisons of numerical codes and experiment , 2018, Ultrasonics.

[37]  V. Giurgiutiu.  Tuned Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring , 2005 .

[38]  Lin Ye,et al.  Guided Lamb waves for identification of damage in composite structures: A review , 2006 .

[39]  N. Popplewell,et al.  Three-dimensional steady state Green function for a layered isotropic plate , 2004 .

[40]  F. Yuan,et al.  Group velocity and characteristic wave curves of Lamb waves in composites: Modeling and experiments , 2007 .

[41]  Moulin,et al.  Modeling of lamb waves generated by integrated transducers in composite plates using a coupled finite element-normal modes expansion method , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.