Empowering resilient crisis response training through purposefully designed boundary objects in a simulation-gaming exercise approach: Supporting ad-hoc team interaction

This paper reports on experiences of creating resilience-empowering simulation-gaming exercises concerning disruptions in the payment system. The aim of the exercises was to utilize gaming-simulation as a training environment where teams of practitioners can learn to develop in-depth understanding of systemic interaction (i.e., cascading effects of disruptions) and learn how to develop collaborative resilience across many different critical infrastructures. Interaction between different stakeholders in the payment system, such as business owners, banks, municipality crisis managers are considered as the foundation for building collaborative resilience. Designing the exercises in such a way that they encourage and support such interactions are therefore seen as a primary design goal. This paper describes lessons learned from the process of conducting the 17 exercises in terms of creating a well-balance simulation and an immersive experience.

[1]  Peter Berggren,et al.  Assessing Shared Strategic Understanding , 2016 .

[2]  B. Tuckman.  DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE IN SMALL GROUPS. , 1965, Psychological bulletin.

[3]  Celia Hoyles,et al.  Designing for communication at work: A case for technology-enhanced boundary objects , 2011 .

[4]  Johan Bergström,et al.  On the rationale of resilience in the domain of safety: A literature review , 2015, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[5]  Jessica Lindblom,et al.  Cultivating a Longitudinal Learning Process Through Recurring Crisis Management Training Exercises in Twelve Swedish Municipalities , 2018, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management.

[6]  D. Walker,et al.  Boundary-Crossing Competence: Theoretical Considerations and Educational Design , 2007 .

[7]  Leif Olsson,et al.  Challenges for critical infrastructure resilience: cascading effects of payment system disruptions , 2017, ISCRAM.

[8]  Peter Berggren,et al.  Designing engaging computer based simulation games for increasing societal resilience to payment system disruptions , 2020, ICCMB.

[9]  E. Borodzicz,et al.  Individual and Group Learning in Crisis Simulations , 2002 .

[10]  S. L. Star,et al.  This is Not a Boundary Object: Reflections on the Origin of a Concept , 2010 .

[11]  I. Mayer,et al.  System Dynamics and Serious Games , 2014 .

[12]  Jonas Lundberg,et al.  Role-playing exercises to strengthen the resilience of command and control systems , 2006, ECCE '06.

[13]  Jonas Lundberg,et al.  Resilience, Stability and Requisite Interpretation in Accident Investigations , 2006 .

[14]  J. Schraagen,et al.  Improving Decision Making in Crisis Response through Critical Thinking Support , 2008 .

[15]  L. Olsson,et al.  Agent based simulation of a payment system for resilience assessments , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM).

[16]  Aron Larsson,et al.  A simulation-game to explore collective critical infrastructure resilience , 2018, Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World.

[17]  J. Geurts,et al.  Gaming Research in Policy and Organization , 2012 .

[18]  Ron Westrum,et al.  A Typology of Resilience Situations , 2017 .

[19]  K. Weick,et al.  Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. , 1993 .

[20]  Robert L. Wears,et al.  Information flow during crisis management: challenges to coordination in the emergency operations center , 2007, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[21]  Joeri van Laere,et al.  Evaluating the observation protocol of the Team Resilience Assessment Method for Simulation (TRAMS) , 2019, ISCRAM.

[22]  Steven J. Landry,et al.  Enabling Collaborative Work Across Different Communities of Practice Through Boundary Objects: Field Studies in Air Traffic Management , 2010, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[23]  Johan M. Berlin,et al.  Collaboration Exercises: What Do They Contribute? , 2015 .

[24]  Arjen Boin,et al.  Managing Transboundary Crises: Identifying the Building Blocks of an Effective Response System , 2010 .

[25]  Kees van Haperen,et al.  Learning and Training: A Reflective Account of Crisis Management in a Major UK Bank , 2003 .

[26]  Per Linell,et al.  Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in Professional discourse , 1998 .

[27]  Carole Lalonde.  In Search of Archetypes in Crisis Management , 2004 .

[28]  Jonas Lundberg,et al.  Engineering safe aviation systems: balancing resilience and stability , 2009 .

[29]  Francis Harvey,et al.  Designing for Interoperability: Overcoming Semantic Differences , 1999 .

[30]  C. S. Holling.  Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems , 1973 .