BAM: branch aggregation multicast for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a multicast protocol, called BAM: branch aggregation multicast, for wireless sensor networks. The main contribution of BAM is a reduction in the radio communication load, which is a dominant factor of sensor energy consumption. BAM does not use any control packet such as join/leave messages and does not manage multicast groups. BAM is highly compatible with existing wireless sensor protocols, such as routing protocols, MAC protocols, and other kinds of energy efficient protocols. BAM implementation is quite simple and BAM works on various networks even if some sensors are not BAM-capable. BAM is composed of two aggregation techniques. One is single hop aggregation (S-BAM) and the other is multiple paths aggregation (M-BAM). S-BAM aggregates radio transmission within single hop and enables just single transmission to multiple intended receivers. M-BAM aggregates multiple paths into fewer ones and limits the range of radio transmission. S-BAM is designed to reduce redundant communication at every branch and M-BAM is designed to reduce the number of branches. SM-BAM, the combination of S-BAM and M-BAM, can reduce the radio communication load thus enabling energy efficient multicast communication. We evaluated BAM in three ways, qualitative evaluation by theoretical analysis, quantitative evaluation through computer simulations, and experiments using CrossBow's MICA2. Our results show that BAM is a very energy efficient multicast protocol that well supports wireless sensor networks

[1]  Songwu Lu,et al.  A Robust Data Delivery Protocol for Large Scale Sensor Networks , 2003, IPSN.

[2]  Richard Han,et al.  VLM2: A Very Lightweight Mobile Multicast System for Wireless Sensor Networks ; CU-CS-938-02 , 2002 .

[3]  William Adjie-Winoto,et al.  The design and implementation of an intentional naming system , 2000, OPSR.

[4]  Matt Welsh,et al.  Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications , 2004, SenSys '04.

[5]  David E. Culler,et al.  Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[6]  Lusheng Ji,et al.  A lightweight adaptive multicast algorithm , 1998, IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250).

[7]  Ramesh Govindan,et al.  Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[8]  Y. C. Tay,et al.  Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-numberS (AMRIS) Functional Specification , 1999 .

[9]  Roberto Di Pietro,et al.  LKHW: a directed diffusion-based secure multicast scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2003, 2003 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, 2003. Proceedings..

[10]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming , 2001, SOSP.

[11]  Songwu Lu,et al.  GRAdient Broadcast: A Robust Data Delivery Protocol for Large Scale Sensor Networks , 2005, Wirel. Networks.

[12]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[13]  Chenyang Lu,et al.  Spatiotemporal multicast in sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[14]  Sung-Ju Lee,et al.  On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) for Ad-Hoc Networks , 2002 .

[15]  Tarek F. Abdelzaher,et al.  AIDA: Adaptive application-independent data aggregation in wireless sensor networks , 2004, TECS.

[16]  Lusheng Ji,et al.  Differential destination multicast-a MANET multicast routing protocol for small groups , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[17]  Koen Langendoen,et al.  An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[18]  Lixia Zhang,et al.  Forwarding Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) for multihop, mobile wireless networks , 1998, Cluster Computing.

[19]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  The core-assisted mesh protocol , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[20]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking , 2003, TNET.

[21]  Hari Balakrishnan,et al.  The design and implementation of an intentional naming system , 1999, SOSP.

[22]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol , 1999, MobiCom.

[23]  Wei Hong,et al.  Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation Tag: a Tiny Aggregation Service for Ad-hoc Sensor Networks , 2022 .