Elucidation of the Charging Mechanisms and the Coupled Structural–Mechanical Behavior of Ti3C2Tx (MXenes) Electrodes by In Situ Techniques

The discovery of the Ti3C2Tx compounds (MXenes) a decade ago opened new research directions and valuable opportunities for high‐rate energy storage applications. The unique ability of the MXenes to host various mono‐ and multivalent cations and their high stability in different electrolyte environments including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid solutions, promoted the rapid development of advanced MXene‐based electrodes for a large variety of applications. Unlike the vast majority of typical intercalation compounds, the electrochemical performance of MXene electrodes is strongly influenced by the presence of co‐inserted solvent molecules, which cannot be detected by conventional current/potential electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, the electrochemical insertion of ions into MXene interspaces results in strong coupling with the intercalation‐induced structural, dimensional, and viscoelastic changes in the polarized MXene electrodes. To shed light on the charging mechanisms of MXene systems and their associated phenomena, the use of a large variety of real‐time monitoring techniques has been proposed in recent years. This review summarizes the most essential findings related to the charging mechanism of Ti3C2Tx electrodes and their potential induced structural and mechanical phenomena obtained by in situ investigations.

[1]  Abdoulaye Djire,et al.  Elucidating the charge storage mechanism on Ti3C2 MXene through in‐situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry , 2022, ChemElectroChem.

[2]  Weiqing Yang,et al.  Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Micro-Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density for All-in-One Si-Electronics. , 2022, ACS nano.

[3]  Zifeng Lin,et al.  A Method for Deconvoluting and Quantifying the Real‐Time Species Fluxes and Ionic Currents Using In Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance , 2022, Advanced Materials Interfaces.

[4]  Rosy,et al.  Enhancing the Energy Storage Capabilities of Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrodes by Atomic Surface Reduction , 2021, Advanced Functional Materials.

[5]  Y. Liu,et al.  Li-ion storage properties of two-dimensional titanium-carbide synthesized via fast one-pot method in air atmosphere , 2021, Nature Communications.

[6]  A. Chakraborty,et al.  Can Anions Be Inserted into MXene? , 2021, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[7]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Titanium Carbide MXene Shows an Electrochemical Anomaly in Water-in-Salt Electrolytes. , 2021, ACS nano.

[8]  Wan-Yu Tsai,et al.  In situ and operando force‐based atomic force microscopy for probing local functionality in energy storage materials , 2021 .

[9]  Qizhen Zhu,et al.  "Water-in-Salt" Electrolytes for Supercapacitors: A review. , 2021, ChemSusChem.

[10]  D. Aurbach,et al.  Enhanced Performance of Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Electrodes in Concentrated ZnCl2 Solutions: A Combined Electrochemical and EQCM-D Study , 2021 .

[11]  Yanwu Zhu,et al.  Advances in in-situ characterizations of electrode materials for better supercapacitors , 2021 .

[12]  Wei He,et al.  Role of MXene surface terminations in electrochemical energy storage: A review , 2021 .

[13]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Intercalation‐Induced Reversible Electrochromic Behavior of Two‐Dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene in Organic Electrolytes , 2020 .

[14]  Dongfang Guo,et al.  Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived porous carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors , 2020, Chemical Engineering Journal.

[15]  Yitai Qian,et al.  Recent Advances of Emerging 2D MXene for Stable and Dendrite‐Free Metal Anodes , 2020, Advanced Functional Materials.

[16]  Zongping Shao,et al.  Intercalation pseudocapacitance in electrochemical energy storage: recent advances in fundamental understanding and materials development , 2020 .

[17]  P. Taberna,et al.  Unraveling the Charge Storage Mechanism of Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrode in Acidic Electrolyte , 2020, ACS Energy Letters.

[18]  Xungai Wang,et al.  Scalable Manufacturing of Free‐Standing, Strong Ti3C2Tx MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity , 2020, Advanced materials.

[19]  I. Oh,et al.  Stimuli‐Responsive MXene‐Based Actuators , 2020, Advanced Functional Materials.

[20]  A. Grace,et al.  MXenes—A new class of 2D layered materials: Synthesis, properties, applications as supercapacitor electrode and beyond , 2020 .

[21]  S. F. Santos,et al.  Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes: Current status and perspectives , 2019, Ceramics International.

[22]  Yitai Qian,et al.  Flexible and Free-Standing Ti3C2Tx MXene@Zn Paper for Dendrite-Free Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries and Non-Aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries. , 2019, ACS nano.

[23]  D. Golberg,et al.  Recent Progress of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Energy Materials , 2019, Advanced materials.

[24]  P. Taberna,et al.  A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte , 2019, Nature Materials.

[25]  D. Aurbach,et al.  EQCM-D technique for complex mechanical characterization of energy storage electrodes: Background and practical guide , 2019, Energy Storage Materials.

[26]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  The Rise of MXenes. , 2019, ACS nano.

[27]  K. Zhao,et al.  Recent advance in understanding the electro-chemo-mechanical behavior of lithium-ion batteries by electron microscopy , 2019, Materials Today Nano.

[28]  Yudi Mo,et al.  Nitrogen-doped Nb2CTx MXene as anode materials for lithium ion batteries , 2019, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

[29]  Guoxiu Wang,et al.  Nanoengineering of 2D MXene-Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications. , 2019, Small.

[30]  F. Du,et al.  Revealing the Pseudo‐Intercalation Charge Storage Mechanism of MXenes in Acidic Electrolyte , 2019, Advanced Functional Materials.

[31]  Xiao‐Qing Yang,et al.  Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research , 2019, Advanced materials.

[32]  J. Coleman,et al.  High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink , 2019, Nature Communications.

[33]  C. Park,et al.  Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications , 2018, Nano Research.

[34]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Automated Scalpel Patterning of Solution Processed Thin Films for Fabrication of Transparent MXene Microsupercapacitors. , 2018, Small.

[35]  D. Aurbach,et al.  Direct Assessment of Nanoconfined Water in 2D Ti3C2 Electrode Interspaces by a Surface Acoustic Technique. , 2018, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  Elastic properties of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene monolayers and bilayers , 2018, Science Advances.

[37]  Atsuo Yamada,et al.  MXene as a Charge Storage Host. , 2018, Accounts of chemical research.

[38]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Understanding the MXene Pseudocapacitance. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[39]  Shunning Li,et al.  First-Principle Study of Li-Ion Storage of Functionalized Ti2C Monolayer with Vacancies. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[40]  D. Aurbach,et al.  In Situ Real-Time Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. , 2018, Accounts of chemical research.

[41]  D. Aurbach,et al.  In situ real-time gravimetric and viscoelastic probing of surface films formation on lithium batteries electrodes , 2017, Nature Communications.

[42]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) , 2017 .

[43]  Gregory W. Bishop,et al.  Ultrathin Graphene–Protein Supercapacitors for Miniaturized Bioelectronics , 2017, Advanced energy materials.

[44]  Pierre-Louis Taberna,et al.  Ultra-high-rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides , 2017, Nature Energy.

[45]  Chang E. Ren,et al.  In Situ Monitoring of Gravimetric and Viscoelastic Changes in 2D Intercalation Electrodes , 2017 .

[46]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage , 2017 .

[47]  A. Sinitskii,et al.  Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual Monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes , 2016 .

[48]  Chao Zhang,et al.  High-Capacitance Mechanism for Ti3C2Tx MXene by in Situ Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy Investigation. , 2016, ACS nano.

[49]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  Electrochemical in Situ Tracking of Volumetric Changes in Two-Dimensional Metal Carbides (MXenes) in Ionic Liquids. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[50]  Pierre-Louis Taberna,et al.  Electrochemical and in-situ X-ray diffraction studies of Ti3C2Tx MXene in ionic liquid electrolyte , 2016 .

[51]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Ion-Exchange and Cation Solvation Reactions in Ti3C2 MXene , 2016 .

[52]  Sergei V. Kalinin,et al.  Nanoscale Elastic Changes in 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Pseudocapacitive Electrodes , 2016 .

[53]  Jagjit Nanda,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene) , 2016 .

[54]  Majid Beidaghi,et al.  Controlling the actuation properties of MXene paper electrodes upon cation intercalation , 2015 .

[55]  R. Proksch,et al.  Contact resonance atomic force microscopy imaging in air and water using photothermal excitation. , 2015, The Review of scientific instruments.

[56]  Xiqian Yu,et al.  Probing the Mechanism of High Capacitance in 2D Titanium Carbide Using In Situ X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy , 2015 .

[57]  S. George,et al.  Charge Storage in Cation Incorporated α-MnO2 , 2014, 1406.6022.

[58]  B. Dunn,et al.  Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage , 2014 .

[59]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide , 2013, Science.

[60]  Pierre-Louis Taberna,et al.  MXene: a promising transition metal carbide anode for lithium-ion batteries , 2012 .

[61]  D. Aurbach,et al.  MXene conductive binder for improving performance of sodium-ion anodes in water-in-salt electrolyte , 2021 .

[62]  Majid Beidaghi,et al.  Solving the Capacitive Paradox of 2D MXene using Electrochemical Quartz‐Crystal Admittance and In Situ Electronic Conductance Measurements , 2015 .

[63]  Seong‐Min Bak,et al.  Surface Redox Pseudocapacitance of Partially Oxidized Titanium Carbide MXene in Water-in-Salt Electrolyte , 2021, ACS Energy Letters.