Homology of the Bird Wing Skeleton

The three digits of birds have been homologized with either the first-second-third or second-third-fourth digits of the primitive tetrapod limb. The disagreement as to the identification of the carpals, metacarpals, and digits of the bird manus is more than a semantic question of numbering digits. First, it is a question of whether birds have followed the digital reduction pattern of other amniotes and whether there is a universal developmental process of carpal, metacarpal, and digital differentiation in amniotes. Second, does the identification of the bird metacarpals and digits also provide evidence for the digits of Archaeopteryx?

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