The biotechnological production of sorbitol

Abstract. Sorbitol, a polyol found in many fruits, is of increasing industrial interest as a sweetener, humectant, texturizer and softener. At present, it is produced chemically. The bacterium Zymomonas mobilis is able to produce sorbitol and gluconic acid from fructose and glucose, respectively. This is possible in a one-step reaction via a glucose-fructose oxidoreductase so far only known from Z. mobilis. The possibilities for the industrial production of sorbitol by Z. mobilis are discussed, and compared with the current chemical production method as well as other microbiological processes.

[1]  H. Sahm,et al.  Crystallization and preliminary x‐ray analysis of glucose‐fructose oxidoreductase from zymomonas mobilis , 1994, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[2]  G. Sprenger.  Approaches to broaden the substrate and product range of the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis by genetic engineering , 1993 .

[3]  L. Viikari.  Formation of levan and sorbitol from sucrose by Zymomonas mobilis , 1984, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[4]  S. Jung,et al.  Improvement of the process for sorbitol production with Zymomonas mobilis immobilised in κ-carrageenan , 1996 .

[5]  G. Michel,et al.  The intracellular sucrase (SacA) of Zymomonas mobilis is not involved in sucrose assimilation , 2000, Biotechnology Letters.

[6]  H. Sahm,et al.  Electron transport chain of Zymomonas mobilis , 1990, Archives of Microbiology.

[7]  H. Sahm,et al.  NADP+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis , 1989, Archives of Microbiology.

[8]  R. Scopes,et al.  Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, a new enzyme isolated from Zymomonas mobilis that is responsible for sorbitol production , 1986, Journal of bacteriology.

[9]  J. Swings,et al.  Phenotypic Description, Numerical Analysis, and Proposal for an Improved Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Genus Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936 , 1976 .

[10]  Hak-Sung Kim,et al.  Continuous production of gluconic acid and sorbitol from Jerusalem artichoke and glucose using an oxidoreductase of Zymomonas mobilis and inulinase , 1992, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[11]  J. Laukevics,et al.  Levan production by Zymomonas mobilis cells. Attached to plaited spheres , 1997 .

[12]  M. Vitolo,et al.  Determination of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase activity in whole cells of Zymomonas mobilis , 1996, World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.

[13]  R. E. Buchanan,et al.  Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. , 1975 .

[14]  R. Scopes,et al.  The kinetics of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis. , 1988, European journal of biochemistry.

[15]  E. Haidegger.  The Importance of Hydrogenation in the Processing of Carbohydrates , 1977 .

[16]  S. Rhee,et al.  Production of Levan, a Fructose Polymer, Using an Overexpressed Recombinant Levansucrase , 1996, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[17]  R. D. Demoss,et al.  Anaerobic dissimilation of C14-labeled glucose and fructose by Pseudomonas lindneri. , 1954, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[18]  P. Rogers,et al.  A proposed pathway for sorbitol production by Zymomonas mobilis , 1984, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[19]  Paramasamy Gunasekaran,et al.  Ethanol fermentation technology - Zymomonas mobilis. , 1999 .

[20]  Hideo Tanaka,et al.  Mechanism of fermentation performance of Zymomonas mobilis under oxygen supply in batch culture , 1990 .

[21]  H. Sahm,et al.  Sorbitol promotes growth of Zymomonas mobilis in environments with high concentrations of sugar: evidence for a physiological function of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase in osmoprotection , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[22]  Y. Tani,et al.  Characterization of D-Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Involved in D-Sorbitol Production of a Methanol Yeast, Candida boidinii (Kloeckera sp.) No. 2201 , 1988 .

[23]  J. Bu’lock,et al.  Zymomonas mobilis: a bacterium for ethanol production. , 1986, Biotechnology advances.

[24]  H W Doelle,et al.  Zymomonas mobilis--science and industrial application. , 1993, Critical reviews in biotechnology.

[25]  P. Zikmanis,et al.  Sucrose medium osmolality as a regulator of anabolic and catabolic parameters in Zymomonas culture , 1996 .

[26]  G. Sprenger,et al.  The efficient export of NADP-containing glucose-fructose oxidoreductase to the periplasm of Zymomonas mobilis depends both on an intact twin-arginine motif in the signal peptide and on the generation of a structural export signal induced by cofactor binding. , 1999, European journal of biochemistry.

[27]  D. Haltrich,et al.  Control of the association state of tetrameric glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis as the rationale for stabilization of the enzyme in biochemical reactors. , 1998, Journal of biochemistry.

[28]  M. Bekers,et al.  Sugar beet diffusion juice and syrup as media for ethanol and levan production by Zymomonas mobilis. , 1999 .

[29]  D. Haltrich,et al.  Improved operational stability of cell-free glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis for the efficient synthesis of sorbitol and gluconic acid in a continuous ultrafiltration membrane reactor. , 1997, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[30]  D. Eveleigh,et al.  Zymomonas — an alcoholic enigma , 1987 .

[31]  G. Sprenger.  Carbohydrate metabolism in Zymomonas mobilis: a catabolic highway with some scenic routes , 1996 .

[32]  P. Gunasekaran,et al.  Relationship between Sucrase Activity and Formation of By-products in Sucrose Fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis , 1997 .

[33]  D. Haltrich,et al.  A multistep process is responsible for product-induced inactivation of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis. , 1998, European journal of biochemistry.

[34]  P. Gunasekaran,et al.  Improved ethanol production from sucrose by a mutant of Zymomonas mobilis lacking sucrases in immobilized cell fermentation , 1998 .

[35]  J. Ninow,et al.  Evaluation of the flocculent strain Zymomonas mobilis Z1‐81 for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid , 1997 .

[36]  F. de França,et al.  Molecular weight and antitumour activity of Zymomonas mobilis levans. , 2000, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[37]  J Swings,et al.  The biology of Zymomonas , 1977, Bacteriological reviews.

[38]  H. Sahm,et al.  Metabolic shifts in Zymomonas mobilis in response to growth conditions , 1988 .

[39]  H. Sahm,et al.  Export of the periplasmic NADP-containing glucose-fructose oxidoreductase of Zymomonas mobilis , 1996, Archives of Microbiology.

[40]  Z. Duvnjak,et al.  Production of sorbitol and ethanol from Jerusalem artichokes by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859 , 1991, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[41]  L. Viikari,et al.  CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ZYMOMONAS , 1988 .

[42]  D. Haltrich,et al.  Simultaneous enzymatic synthesis of gluconic acid and sorbitol , 1998, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[43]  H. Sahm,et al.  Production of sorbitol and gluconic acid by permeabilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis , 1991, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[44]  D. Haltrich,et al.  Continuous enzymatic production of lactobionic acid using glucose-fructose oxidoreductase in an ultrafiltration membrane reactor , 1997, Biotechnology Letters.

[45]  E. Dawes,et al.  Glucose and fructose metabolism in Zymomonas anaerobia. , 1971, The Biochemical journal.

[46]  B. Nidetzky,et al.  Efficient protection of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis against irreversible inactivation during its catalytic action , 1995 .

[47]  J. Senez,et al.  Influence of Aeration and of Pantothenate on Growth Yields of Zymomonas mobilis , 1965, Journal of bacteriology.

[48]  Hideo Tanaka,et al.  Fermentative ability of Zymomonas mobilis under various oxygen supply conditions in batch culture , 1990 .

[49]  Peter L. Rogers,et al.  Ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis , 1982 .

[50]  Improvement of oxidoreductase stability of cethyltrimethylammoniumbromide permeabilized cells ofZymomonas mobilis through glutaraldehyde crosslinking , 2005, Biotechnology Letters.

[51]  R. D. Demoss,et al.  Ethanol formation in Pseudomonas lindneri. , 1951, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[52]  D. W. Ribbons,et al.  The route of ethanol formation in Zymomonas mobilis. , 1966, The Biochemical journal.

[53]  L. Viikari.  Formation of sorbitol by Zymomonas mobilis , 1984, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[54]  E. Baker,et al.  The structure of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis: an osmoprotective periplasmic enzyme containing non-dissociable NADP. , 1996, Structure.

[55]  Robert R. Zall,et al.  Production of Acetaldehyde by Zymomonas mobilis , 1987, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[56]  R. Albert,et al.  Die katalytische Herstellung von Zuckeralkoholen und deren Verwendung , 1980 .

[57]  Hak-Sung Kim,et al.  Continuous production of gluconic acid and sorbitol from sucrose using invertase and an oxidoreductase of Zymomonas mobilis , 1991 .

[58]  M. Silveira,et al.  Production of glucose–fructose oxidoreductase and ethanol by Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 29191 in medium containing corn steep liquor as a source of vitamins , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[59]  Susan Budavari,et al.  The Merck index , 1998 .

[60]  P. Gunasekaran,et al.  Influence of intra- and extracellular sucrases of Zymomonas mobilison the ethanol production and by-product formation , 1997, Biotechnology Letters.

[61]  H. Sahm,et al.  Localisation of the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase in wild type and overproducing strains of Zymomonas mobilis , 1991 .

[62]  D. Haltrich,et al.  Inactivation of Glucose‐Fructose Oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis during Its Catalytic Actions a , 1996 .

[63]  R. K. Finn,et al.  Effect of oxygen on the metabolism of Zymomonas mobilis , 1984, Archives of Microbiology.

[64]  L. Ingram,et al.  Immunocytochemical localization of glycolytic and fermentative enzymes in Zymomonas mobilis , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[65]  C. Wang,et al.  COMPARATIVE CATABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES , 1960, Journal of bacteriology.

[66]  R. Wrolstad,et al.  Free sugars and sorbitol in fruits--a complication from the literature. , 1981, Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

[67]  H. Sahm,et al.  Formation and degradation of gluconate by Zymomonas mobilis , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[68]  H. Sahm,et al.  Functional expression of the glucose transporter of Zymomonas mobilis leads to restoration of glucose and fructose uptake in Escherichia coli mutants and provides evidence for its facilitator action , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[69]  J. D. da Costa,et al.  Bioconversion of glucose and fructose to sorbitol and gluconic acid by untreated cells of Zymomonas mobilis. , 1999, Journal of biotechnology.