Natural diversity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

The sustainability of malaria control in Africa is threatened by rising levels of insecticide resistance, and new tools to prevent malaria transmission are urgently needed. To gain a better understanding of the mosquito populations that transmit malaria, we sequenced the genomes of 765 wild specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii sampled from 15 locations across Africa. The data reveal high levels of genetic diversity, with over 50 million single nucleotide polymorphisms across the 230 Mbp genome. We observe complex patterns of population structure and marked variations in local population size, some of which may be due at least in part to malaria control interventions. Insecticide resistance genes show strong signatures of recent selection associated with multiple independent mutations spreading over large geographical distances and between species. The genetic variability of natural populations substantially reduces the target space for novel gene-drive strategies for mosquito control. This large dataset provides a foundation for tracking the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance and developing new vector control tools.

Alistair Miles | Andrew D. Kern | Jim Stalker | Eleanor Drury | Dominic P. Kwiatkowski | Paul Vauterin | Matthew W. Hahn | Daniel R. Schrider | Martin J. Donnelly | Daniel E. Neafsey | Christina M. Bergey | Charles Mbogo | Tiago Antao | Cinzia Malangone | Kirk A. Rockett | Diego Ayala | David Weetman | Nicholas J. Harding | Nora J. Besansky | Seth Redmond | Igor V. Sharakhov | Austin Burt | Janet Midega | Lee Hart | Abdoulaye Diabaté | Anna E. Jeffreys | Christina Hubbart | Dushyanth Jyothi | Beniamino Caputo | Alessandra della Torre | Philip Bejon | D. Kwiatkowski | K. Rockett | M. Riehle | A. Kern | J. Stalker | R. Pearson | C. Mbogo | J. Pinto | A. Burt | A. Miles | D. Neafsey | P. Bejon | B. Jeffrey | B. MacInnis | M. Lawniczak | N. Besansky | I. Sharakhov | J. Dinis | M. Fontaine | N. Harding | G. Bottà | Chris S. Clarkson | T. Antão | K. M. Kozak | S. Redmond | M. Donnelly | Diego Ayala | B. Caputo | A. Torre | J. Midega | S. O’Loughlin | K. Vernick | D. Weetman | C. Wilding | B. White | Arlete D. Troco | A. Diabaté | C. Costantini | K. Rohatgi | N. Élissa | B. Coulibaly | H. Mawejje | Eleanor Drury | D. Mead | A. Jeffreys | C. Hubbart | K. Rowlands | A. Isaacs | D. Jyothi | Cinzia Malangone | P. Vauterin | Ian Wright | Lee Hart | K. Kluczynski | Victoria J Cornelius | Christa Henrichs | Rachel Giacomantonio | C. Godfray | Bradley J. White | Carlo Costantini | Michael C. Fontaine | Bronwyn MacInnis | Kenneth D. Vernick | Kate Rowlands | Giordano Bottà | Krzysztof M. Kozak | Richard D. Pearson | Kyanne R. Rohatgi | Nohal Elissa | Boubacar Coulibaly | Joao Dinis | Henry D. Mawejje | Dan Mead | Alison T. Isaacs | Ben Jeffrey | Ian J. Wright | Krzysztof Kluczynski | Victoria Cornelius | Christa Henrichs | Rachel Giacomantonio | Charles Godfray | Samantha O'Loughlin | João Pinto | Michelle M. Riehle | Craig S. Wilding | Mara K. N. Lawniczak | M. Hahn | C. Bergey | A. T. Isaacs | N. Elissa | K. Kozak | M. Hahn | Matthew W. Hahn | A. D. Troco

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