Efficient Calculation of Exact Group Delay Sensitivities

This paper presents, explicitly, an approach to the exact calculation of group delay and its sensitivities with respect to component parameters based on the adjoint network concept and applicable to linear time-invariant circuits. In general, no more than four analyses are required and the computational effort is only moderately more than is necessary for a single analysis. The results presented are in a form particularly suited to the computer-aided design of microwave circuits and include useful tables of sensitivity expressions.