Atomic structure of a fragment of human CD4 containing two immunoglobulin-like domains

The structure of an N-terminal fragment of CD4 has been determined to 2.4 Å resolution. It has two tightly abutting domains connected by a continuous β strand. Both have the immunoglobulin fold, but domain 2 has a truncated β barrel and a non-standard disulphide bond. The binding sites for monoclonal antibodies, class II major histocom-patibility complex molecules, and human immunodeficiency virus gp120 can be mapped on the molecular surface.

[1]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Substitution of murine for human CD4 residues identifies amino acids critical for HIV-gp120 binding , 1988, Nature.

[2]  Dan R. Littman,et al.  The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus binds to the immunoglobulin-like domain of CD4 , 1988, Nature.

[3]  Q. Sattentau,et al.  Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. , 1986, Science.

[4]  S. Harrison,et al.  A system for collection and on-line integration of X-ray diffraction data from a multiwire area detector , 1987 .

[5]  E. Kabat,et al.  Sequences of proteins of immunological interest , 1991 .

[6]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 gp120 binding , 1989, Nature.

[7]  W. Lüke,et al.  Soluble CD4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1988, Nature.

[8]  A M Lesk,et al.  Evolution of proteins formed by beta-sheets. II. The core of the immunoglobulin domains. , 1982, Journal of molecular biology.

[9]  T. A. Jones,et al.  A graphics model building and refinement system for macromolecules , 1978 .

[10]  L. Hood,et al.  Diversity of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. , 1989, Advances in immunology.

[11]  R. Siliciano,et al.  A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation , 1988, Nature.

[12]  A. F. Williams,et al.  Structural diversity in domains of the immunoglobulin superfamily. , 1989, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[13]  B. C. Wang.  Resolution of phase ambiguity in macromolecular crystallography. , 1985, Methods in enzymology.

[14]  W. Biddison,et al.  Possible involvement of the OKT4 molecule in T cell recognition of class II HLA antigens. Evidence from studies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for SB antigens , 1982, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  G. Bricogne,et al.  Methods and programs for direct‐space exploitation of geometric redundancies , 1976 .

[16]  W. Jefferies,et al.  Peptide and nucleotide sequences of rat CD4 (W3/25) antigen: evidence for derivation from a structure with four immunoglobulin-related domains. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  W. Hendrickson,et al.  Molecular characteristics of recombinant human CD4 as deduced from polymorphic crystals. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  W. Kabsch,et al.  Dictionary of protein secondary structure: Pattern recognition of hydrogen‐bonded and geometrical features , 1983, Biopolymers.

[19]  Michael A. Bookman,et al.  The CD4 and CD8 T cell surface antigens are associated with the internal membrane tyrosine-protein kinase p56 lck , 1988, Cell.

[20]  R. Axel,et al.  The isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the T cell surface protein T4: a new member of the immunoglobulin gene family , 1985, Cell.

[21]  Q. Sattentau,et al.  Identification of the residues in human CD4 critical for the binding of HIV , 1989, Cell.

[22]  J. Strominger,et al.  Long-term human cytolytic T-cell lines allospecific for HLA-DR6 antigen are OKT4+. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  F. Emmrich,et al.  Effective activation of resting mouse T lymphocytes by cross‐linking submitogenic concentrations of the T cell antigen receptor with either Lyt‐2 or L3T4 , 1987, European journal of immunology.

[24]  R. Axel,et al.  soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection , 1988, Nature.

[25]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity , 1986, Nature.

[26]  George M. Church,et al.  A structure-factor least-squares refinement procedure for macromolecular structures using constrained and restrained parameters , 1977 .

[27]  F. Young.  Biochemistry , 1955, The Indian Medical Gazette.

[28]  P. Colman,et al.  Structure of antibody-antigen complexes: implications for immune recognition. , 1988, Advances in immunology.

[29]  M. Greaves,et al.  The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus , 1984, Nature.

[30]  B. Fowlkes,et al.  Absence of the Lyt-2-,L3T4+ lineage of T cells in mice treated neonatally with anti-I-A correlates with absence of intrathymic I-A- bearing antigen-presenting cell function , 1985, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[31]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Structural in variance of T4 molecules from T cell clone Of different antigen and major histocompatibility complex specificities , 1985, European journal of immunology.

[32]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Clonal analysis of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes: T4+ and T8+ effector T cells recognize products of different major histocompatibility complex regions. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  M. Bishop.  Prediction of protein structure and the principles of protein conformation: edited by Gerald D. Fasman, Plenum Press, 1989. $95.00 (xiii + 798 pages) ISBN 0 306 43131 9 , 1991 .

[34]  K. Steimer,et al.  Induction of CD4-dependent cell fusion by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope glycoprotein , 1986, Nature.

[35]  R. Myers,et al.  Analysis of the site in CD4 that binds to the HIV envelope glycoprotein. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[36]  J. Strominger,et al.  Interaction between CD4 and class II MHC molecules mediates cell adhesion , 1987, Nature.

[37]  M G Rossmann,et al.  The molecular replacement method. , 1990, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[38]  L. Presta,et al.  Mapping the CD4 binding site for human immunodeficiency virus by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  Eric O Long,et al.  Functional interaction between human T-cell protein CD4 and the major histocompatibility complex HLA-DR antigen , 1987, Nature.

[40]  P. Artymiuk,et al.  The use of phase combination in crystallographic refinement: the choice of amplitude coefficients in combined syntheses , 1984 .

[41]  D. Lamarre,et al.  The MHC-binding and gp120-binding functions of CD4 are separable. , 1989, Science.

[42]  Peter D. Kwong,et al.  Crystal structure of an HIV-binding recombinant fragment of human CD4 , 1990, Nature.

[43]  C. Griscelli,et al.  Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T lymphocytes. , 1984, Science.

[44]  A Tramontano,et al.  Framework residue 71 is a major determinant of the position and conformation of the second hypervariable region in the VH domains of immunoglobulins. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[45]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Binding site for human immunodeficiency virus coat protein gp120 is located in the NH2-terminal region of T4 (CD4) and requires the intact variable-region-like domain. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  A. Holmgren,et al.  Crystal structure of chaperone protein PapD reveals an immunoglobulin fold , 1989, Nature.

[47]  B. Moss,et al.  Binding region for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and epitopes for HIV-blocking monoclonal antibodies of the CD4 molecule defined by site-directed mutagenesis. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  David Eisenberg,et al.  Unbiased three-dimensional refinement of heavy-atom parameters by correlation of origin-removed Patterson functions , 1983 .

[49]  J. Mcdougal,et al.  Binding of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV/ARV/HIV to the CD4 (T4) molecule: conformation dependence, epitope mapping, antibody inhibition, and potential for idiotypic mimicry. , 1986, Journal of immunology.

[50]  B. Walker,et al.  HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4 , 1988, Nature.

[51]  A. Barclay,et al.  Crystallization of a soluble form of the rat T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 complexed with Fab from the W3/25 monoclonal antibody. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[52]  S. Marsters,et al.  Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. , 1987, Science.

[53]  J K Nicholson,et al.  Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. , 1986, Science.

[54]  Q. Sattentau,et al.  Structural analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus-binding domain of CD4. Epitope mapping with site-directed mutants and anti-idiotypes , 1989, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[55]  M. Karplus,et al.  Crystallographic R Factor Refinement by Molecular Dynamics , 1987, Science.

[56]  B. Seed,et al.  Genetic analysis of monoclonal antibody and HIV binding sites on the human lymphocyte antigen CD4 , 1988, Cell.

[57]  B. Moss,et al.  A soluble recombinant polypeptide comprising the amino-terminal half of the extracellular region of the CD4 molecule contains an active binding site for human immunodeficiency virus. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  R. Huber,et al.  The molecular structure of a dimer composed of the variable portions of the Bence-Jones protein REI refined at 2.0-A resolution. , 1975, Biochemistry.

[59]  M. A. Saper,et al.  Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2 , 1987, Nature.

[60]  G. Fasman.  Prediction of Protein Structure and the Principles of Protein Conformation , 2012, Springer US.

[61]  Robin A. Weiss,et al.  The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain , 1986, Cell.

[62]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  I. Walker,et al.  The alpha-chain of murine CD8 lacks an invariant Ig-like disulfide bond but contains a unique intrachain loop instead. , 1989, Journal of immunology.

[64]  C. Rudd,et al.  The CD4 receptor is complexed in detergent lysates to a protein-tyrosine kinase (pp58) from human T lymphocytes. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  E. Engleman,et al.  Activation of human T lymphocyte subsets: helper and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to distinct histocompatibility antigens. , 1981, Journal of immunology.

[66]  R. Garlick,et al.  Escherichia coli expression, purification, and biological activity of a truncated soluble CD4. , 1990, AIDS research and human retroviruses.