Smooth pursuit eye movements in response to predictable target motions

The human smooth pursuit eye movement system has a latency of about 150 msec. However, this study shows that humans can learn to perform zero-latency tracking of targets that move with continuous velocity and amplitude-limited acceleration. Superposition of eye velocity and target velocity records, for our unique target waveforms, demonstrated that the subject was using the correct waveform and not just approximating it with a sinusoid or some other simple waveform. Calculation of the mean square error between target and eye position gave a quantitative measure of how well the human can track. The mean square error between target and eye position was 0.32 deg2 for one thousand seconds of steady-state tracking by seven subjects. For several cycles at a time all subjects were able to reduce this error to less than 0.1 deg2.

[1]  M J Steinbach,et al.  Additivity of fusional vergence and pursuit eye movements. , 1980, Vision research.

[2]  A. Terry Bahill,et al.  Adaptive Control Model for Saccadic and Smooth Puimiit Eye Movements , .

[3]  D. Robinson.  The mechanics of human saccadic eye movement , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  C. Rashbass,et al.  The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements , 1961, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  Martin J. Steinbach,et al.  Pursuing the perceptual rather than the retinal stimulus , 1976, Vision Research.

[6]  Martin J. Steinbach,et al.  Additivity of fuslonal vergence and pursuit eye movements , 1980, Vision Research.

[7]  I. Donaldson.  Control of gaze by brain stem neurons Proceedings of the symposium held in the Abbaye de Royaumont. Paris 12–15 July, 1977.Developments in Neuroscience, vol. 1.R. Baker &A. Berthoz (eds). Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam (1977). 514 + xv pp., $59.95 , 1978, Neuroscience.

[8]  Arien Mack,et al.  Is perceived motion a stimulus for smooth pursuit , 1982, Vision Research.

[9]  Lawrence Stark,et al.  Predictive Control of Eye Tracking Movements , 1962 .

[10]  P. Dallos,et al.  Learning behavior of the eye fixation control system , 1963 .

[11]  H. Davson.  Physiology of the Eye , 1951 .

[12]  Terry A. Bahill,et al.  Smooth pursuit eye movements in response to unpredictable target waveforms , 1980, Vision Research.

[13]  Robert M. Steinman,et al.  The effect of luminance on human smooth pursuit of perifoveal and foveal targets , 1978, Vision Research.

[14]  D. Fender,et al.  Velocity precision in smooth pursuit eye movements , 1979, Vision Research.

[15]  Gabe Aprati.  Bioengineering: Biomedical, Medical and Clinical Engineering , 1981 .

[16]  A. Terry Bahill,et al.  Frequency Limitations and Optimal Step Size for the Two-Point Central Difference Derivative Algorithm with Applications to Human Eye Movement Data , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  V Honrubia,et al.  Quantitative Measurement of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements , 1976, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[18]  Manfred Mackeben,et al.  Pre-motor single unit activity in the monkey brain stem correlated with eye velocity during pursuit , 1980, Brain Research.

[19]  Emilio Bizzi,et al.  The coordination of eye and head movement during smooth pursuit , 1978, Brain Research.

[20]  L Schalén,et al.  Quantification of tracking eye movements in normal subjects. , 1980, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[21]  G. Westheimer.  Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. , 1954, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[22]  A. Fuchs.  Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey , 1967, The Journal of physiology.

[23]  S. Yasui,et al.  Perceived visual motion as effective stimulus to pursuit eye movement system , 1975, Science.

[24]  S. Whittaker,et al.  Learning patterns of eye motion for foveal pursuit. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.