Nanotechnology: Review of concepts and potential application of sensing platforms in food safety.

In recent years a number of new nanotechnology based platforms have been developed for detection of wide variety of targets including infectious agents, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, drugs, and cancer cells. Nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and nanosensors like giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors are used to quantitatively detect biomolecules with, experimentally, relatively good accuracy. There has been a growing interest in the use of magnetic fields in biosensing applications. Because biological samples have no ferromagnetic property and therefore there is no interference with complex sample matrix, detection of infectious agents from minimally processed samples is possible. Here, we provide a brief overview of the recent emergence of nanotechnology-based techniques for the detection and monitoring of foodborne diseases. In addition, the potential applications and future perspectives of nanotechnology on food safety are discussed. Ultimately, the review is expected to stimulate and provide directions to the development and application of nanotechnology-based tests for the early detection, and eventual control of foodborne diseases.

[1]  Georgios A Sotiriou,et al.  Antioxidant and antiradical SiO2 nanoparticles covalently functionalized with gallic acid. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  Terry J. Smith,et al.  Current and emerging molecular diagnostic technologies applicable to bacterial food safety , 2006 .

[3]  M. Figueras,et al.  Fast detection of Salmonella Infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  S. Shuang,et al.  Magnetic relaxation switch immunosensor for the rapid detection of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica in milk samples , 2015 .

[5]  Petr I. Nikitin,et al.  New type of biosensor based on magnetic nanoparticle detection , 2007 .

[6]  Ann T. Lemley,et al.  Nano-magnetite catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of emerging contaminants carbamazepine and ibuprofen in aqueous suspensions and montmorillonite clay slurries at neutral pH , 2013 .

[7]  Sapna Jain,et al.  Development of an Antibody Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Biosensor for Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens , 2012 .

[8]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  Simultaneous isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells with a microfluidic silicon-nanowire-array integrated with magnetic upconversion nanoprobes. , 2015, Biomaterials.

[9]  J. Riu,et al.  Immediate detection of living bacteria at ultralow concentrations using a carbon nanotube based potentiometric aptasensor. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[10]  Sang Yup Lee,et al.  Plasmonic properties of the multispot copper-capped nanoparticle array chip and its application to optical biosensors for pathogen detection of multiplex DNAs. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  Soojin Jun,et al.  Single Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Junction Biosensor for Detection of Escherichia coli , 2014, PloS one.

[12]  Chii-Wann Lin,et al.  Advances in rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens. , 2014, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.

[13]  David Issadore,et al.  Miniature magnetic resonance system for point-of-care diagnostics. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[14]  Jing Wang,et al.  Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food by biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticle based on nuclear magnetic resonance , 2017 .

[15]  Tatsuro Endo,et al.  A novel enhancement assay for immunochromatographic test strips using gold nanoparticles , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[16]  Hongshun Yang,et al.  Pyrethroid residue determination in organic and conventional vegetables using liquid-solid extraction coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction based on polystyrene-coated magnetic nanoparticles. , 2017, Food chemistry.

[17]  Dae Hong Jeong,et al.  Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. , 2007, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[18]  Jian-Ping Wang,et al.  A simulation study on superparamagnetic nanoparticle based multi-tracer tracking , 2015 .

[19]  Muhammad A. Alam,et al.  Performance limits of nanobiosensors , 2006 .

[20]  Ronald W Davis,et al.  Sensitive giant magnetoresistive-based immunoassay for multiplex mycotoxin detection. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  A. Offenhäusser,et al.  Magnetic particle detection by frequency mixing for immunoassay applications , 2007 .

[22]  Wenjun Dong,et al.  TiO2 nanowire bundle microelectrode based impedance immunosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes. , 2008, Nano letters.

[23]  Santimukul Santra,et al.  How can nanosensors detect bacterial contamination before it ever reaches the dinner table? , 2017, Future microbiology.

[24]  Andreas Unger,et al.  Analyzing the Performance of Plasmonic Resonators for Dielectric Sensing , 2009 .

[25]  Guillermo López-Campos,et al.  Detection, Identification, and Analysis of Foodborne Pathogens , 2012 .

[26]  Yi Wang,et al.  Magnetic detection of mercuric ion using giant magnetoresistance-based biosensing system. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[27]  Yi Wang,et al.  Superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based viscosity test , 2015 .

[28]  Bosoon Park,et al.  Limitation of a localized surface plasmon resonance sensor for Salmonella detection , 2009 .

[29]  Kwok-Kong Tony Mong,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Platform for Characterization of Shiga-like Toxin 1 from Complex Samples. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  Fan Yang,et al.  Carbon nanotube-assisted capturing of bacterial pathogens , 2015 .

[31]  A. O. Shepelyakovskaya,et al.  Magnetic immunoassay for detection of staphylococcal toxins in complex media. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  Gibum Kim,et al.  SPR microscopy and its applications to high-throughput analyses of biomolecular binding events and their kinetics. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[33]  Jiahua Zhu,et al.  Magnetic Graphene Nanoplatelet Composites toward Arsenic Removal , 2012 .

[34]  Elaine Ng,et al.  Giant magnetoresistive sensor array for sensitive and specific multiplexed food allergen detection. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[35]  Kiev S. Gracias,et al.  A review of conventional detection and enumeration methods for pathogenic bacteria in food. , 2004, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[36]  Heinrich Hofmann,et al.  Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications , 2009 .

[37]  D. Balding,et al.  HLA Sequence Polymorphism and the Origin of Humans , 2006 .

[38]  Li Zhang,et al.  Rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in dairy food by biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticle based on nuclear magnetic resonance , 2013 .

[39]  Ki-Hyun Kim,et al.  Graphene quantum dot modified screen printed immunosensor for the determination of parathion. , 2017, Analytical biochemistry.

[40]  Dan Du,et al.  A bare-eye-based lateral flow immunoassay based on the use of gold nanoparticles for simultaneous detection of three pesticides , 2014, Microchimica Acta.

[41]  Shiping Song,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-based enzyme-linked antibody-aptamer sandwich assay for detection of Salmonella Typhimurium. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[42]  Oomman K Varghese,et al.  Rapid Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanotube-Nanowire Hybrid Architectures and Their Use in Breast Cancer-Related Volatile Organics Detection. , 2016, Nano letters.

[43]  A. Rasooly,et al.  Carbon nanotubes based optical immunodetection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) in food. , 2008, International journal of food microbiology.

[44]  Andres M. Perez,et al.  Giant Magnetoresistance-based Biosensor for Detection of Influenza A Virus , 2016, Front. Microbiol..

[45]  Meihu Ma,et al.  Simultaneous, rapid and sensitive detection of three food-borne pathogenic bacteria using multicolor quantum dot probes based on multiplex fluoroimmunoassay in food samples , 2015 .

[46]  Yanbin Li,et al.  Rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous detection of three foodborne pathogens using magnetic nanobead-based immunoseparation and quantum dot-based multiplex immunoassay. , 2011, Journal of food protection.

[47]  Kathryn H Ching,et al.  Rapid and selective detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype-A and -B with a single immunochromatographic test strip. , 2012, Journal of immunological methods.

[48]  Dan Wang,et al.  Fast and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogen using electrochemical impedance analysis, urease catalysis and microfluidics. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[49]  A Aschfalk,et al.  Clostridium perfringens toxin types from wild-caught Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), determined by PCR and ELISA. , 2002, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[50]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Multiplexed detection and characterization of rare tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma with multicolor quantum dots. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  L. Gunnarsson,et al.  Ultrahigh sensitivity made simple: nanoplasmonic label-free biosensing with an extremely low limit-of-detection for bacterial and cancer diagnostics , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[52]  M. Meyyappan,et al.  Silicon nanowire biosensors for detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with high sensitivity. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[53]  Heng Zhang,et al.  Detection of single-digit foodborne pathogens with the naked eye using carbon nanotube-based multiple cycle signal amplification. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[54]  Satinder Kaur Brar,et al.  Nanotechnology to Remove Contaminants , 2016 .

[55]  Hongshun Yang,et al.  Low temperature cleanup combined with magnetic nanoparticle extraction to determine pyrethroids residue in vegetables oils , 2017 .

[56]  Yi Wang,et al.  Giant magnetoresistive-based biosensing probe station system for multiplex protein assays. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[57]  Hakho Lee,et al.  Nanostar Clustering Improves the Sensitivity of Plasmonic Assays. , 2015, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[58]  F. Bolton,et al.  Rapid enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of Salmonella in food and feed products: performance testing program. , 2000, Journal of AOAC International.

[59]  Mitchell B. Lerner,et al.  A carbon nanotube immunosensor for Salmonella , 2011, 1302.2959.

[60]  E. Tu,et al.  Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  Yan Deng,et al.  Development of a magnetic nanoparticles microarray for simultaneous and simple detection of foodborne pathogens. , 2013, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[62]  Kannan M. Krishnan,et al.  Nanomagnetism and spin electronics: materials, microstructure and novel properties , 2006 .

[63]  Tae Hoon Lee,et al.  ZnO nanowire arrays on 3D hierachical graphene foam: biomarker detection of Parkinson's disease. , 2014, ACS nano.

[64]  Jing Chen,et al.  Recent Advancements in Nanobioassays and Nanobiosensors for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Detection. , 2016, Journal of food protection.

[65]  Wei Cheng,et al.  A colorimetric assay method for invA gene of Salmonella using DNAzyme probe self-assembled gold nanoparticles as single tag , 2014 .

[66]  S. Doak,et al.  Highly sensitive covalently functionalised integrated silicon nanowire biosensor devices for detection of cancer risk biomarker. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[67]  E. Alocilja,et al.  Nanowire labeled direct-charge transfer biosensor for detecting Bacillus species. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[68]  Hakho Lee,et al.  A magneto-DNA nanoparticle system for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of enteric fever , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[69]  Roland Weiss,et al.  Advanced giant magnetoresistance technology for measurement applications , 2013 .

[70]  Y. Picó,et al.  2 – Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy techniques for the detection of chemical contaminants and residues in foods , 2012 .

[71]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction-based serotyping of pathogenic bacteria in food. , 2015, Journal of microbiological methods.

[72]  Shan X. Wang,et al.  Advances in Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors With Magnetic Nanoparticle Tags: Review and Outlook , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[73]  M. Yacamán,et al.  The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles , 2005, Nanotechnology.

[74]  Larry H. Stanker,et al.  Detection of Shiga Toxins by Lateral Flow Assay , 2015, Toxins.

[75]  Ismail Hakki Boyaci,et al.  MULTIPLEX DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS BY USING QUANTUM DOT-LABELED ANTIBODIES , 2009 .

[76]  Sang-Hyun Hwang,et al.  Magnetic nanowires for rapid and ultrasensitive isolation of DNA from cervical specimens for the detection of multiple human papillomaviruses genotypes. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[77]  Jihea Moon,et al.  A Gold Nanoparticle and Aflatoxin B1-BSA Conjugates Based Lateral Flow Assay Method for the Analysis of Aflatoxin B1 , 2012, Materials.

[78]  Elisa Yoko Hirooka,et al.  MULTIPLEX PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN CHICKEN MEAT , 2012 .

[79]  Jing Lyu,et al.  A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of mecA gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[80]  Shinichi Kawamoto,et al.  Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection and quantification of Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground pork samples. , 2010, Foodborne pathogens and disease.

[81]  Jiangtao Ren,et al.  Versatile G-quadruplex-mediated strategies in label-free biosensors and logic systems. , 2015, The Analyst.

[82]  Michael Holzinger,et al.  Enzymatic biosensors based on SWCNT-conducting polymer electrodes. , 2011, The Analyst.

[83]  Zhiqiang Gao,et al.  Silicon nanowire arrays for label-free detection of DNA. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[84]  Shinichi Kawamoto,et al.  Evaluation of a multiplex PCR system for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods and in food subjected to freezing. , 2009, Foodborne pathogens and disease.