Human body composition: measurement and relationship with exercise, dietary intakes and cardiovascular risk factors

This thesis describes studies related to human body composition, concentrating upon methodology of measurement, and a study on the influence of brisk walking programme upon healthy, previously sedentary middle-aged men. In chapter I, the principles of the techniques used for measurement of body composition in this thesis are discussed. The limitations and potential sources of error associated with each are discussed. The response of body composition to exercise, and the relationship of this response to changes in cardiovascular risk factors are considered. General methods are described in chapter 2. Techniques suitable for measurement of body composition in "field" conditions are evaluated in chapters 3 and 4. Near infra-red interactance was found to under-estimate fatness, to an increasing extent with increasing fatness. Bio-electrical impedance estimates of body composition from different sets of prediction equations from the literature differed significantly. Most overestimated fatness, to an increasing extent with increasing fatness. In chapter 5 techniques for measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue are evaluated by comparison with A-mode ultrasound. Skinfold thicknesses were better correlated with subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness than were interactance data. Chapters 6 and 7 describe a year-long study on the effects of a brisk walking programme on healthy, previously sedentary middle-aged men. Volunteers were randomly allocated to walking or control groups (n = 42 and 23 respectively). Brisk walking for on average 27 minutes per day was not found to influence body composition, although significant changes in lower limb skinfold thicknesses were observed. The relationship of changes in blood pressure and blood concentrations of total cholesterol, lipoprotein-cholesterol subfractions and triglycerides with changes in body composition and fat distribution is examined. Energy intake did not change during the study, despite the expected increase in energy expenditure, and lack of change in body composition. Changes in dietary cholesterol and fatty acid intakes during the year are described, and related to changes in cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, newer field techniques were not found to be a better predictor of body composition than skinfold thicknesses. Participation in the walking programme did not significantly influence body composition or energy intake.

[1]  C. Bouchard.  Genetic factors in the regulation of adipose tissue distribution. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[2]  D. Lovelock.  Quality assurance in dental radiology by the diagnostic radiology topic group of the institute of physical sciences in medicine , 1994 .

[3]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Body composition in Pima Indians: validation of bioelectrical resistance. , 1991, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[4]  O. Lammert,et al.  Negligible effects of previous moderate physical activity and changes in environmental temperature on whole body electrical impedance. , 1990, European journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  M. Livingstone,et al.  Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health. , 1990, BMJ.

[6]  C. Bouchard,et al.  Effect of intensity of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. , 1990, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[7]  P. Deurenberg,et al.  Differences in body impedance when measured with different instruments. , 1989, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[8]  A. Hardman,et al.  Brisk walking and plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in previously sedentary women. , 1989, BMJ.

[9]  D. Roe,et al.  The menstrual cycle's effect on the reliability of bioimpedance measurements for assessing body composition. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[10]  G. Bray,et al.  Effect of obesity on bioelectrical impedance. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[11]  T J Cole,et al.  Between- and within-subject variation in nutrient intake from infancy to old age: estimating the number of days required to rank dietary intakes with desired precision. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  P. Deurenberg,et al.  Overweight: Fat Distribution and Health Risks. Epidemiological Observations , 1989 .

[13]  P. Björntorp.  Sex differences in the regulation of energy balance with exercise. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[14]  P. Deurenberg,et al.  Factors affecting bioelectrical impedance measurements in humans. , 1988, European journal of clinical nutrition.

[15]  K. Vranizan,et al.  Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  D. S. Gray,et al.  Changes in bioelectrical impedance during fasting. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[17]  W. Chumlea,et al.  Bioelectric impedance phase angle and body composition. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[18]  B. Lewis,et al.  Blood lipid concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factors: distribution, prevalence, and detection in Britain , 1988, British medical journal.

[19]  S. Grundy,et al.  Plasma cholesterol responsiveness to saturated fatty acids. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[20]  S. Garn,et al.  Persistence of relative fatness at different body sites. , 1988, Human biology.

[21]  W. Mueller,et al.  Sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values of simple indices of body fat distribution. , 1987, Human biology.

[22]  J. Albu,et al.  Body composition, not body weight, is related to cardiovascular disease risk factors and sex hormone levels in men. , 1987, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[23]  D. Reed,et al.  Predictors of atherosclerosis in the Honolulu Heart Program. I. Biologic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics. , 1987, American journal of epidemiology.

[24]  K. Vranizan,et al.  Associations of dietary fat, regional adiposity, and blood pressure in men. , 1987, JAMA.

[25]  M. Criqui.  Alcohol and hypertension: new insights from population studies. , 1987, European heart journal.

[26]  M. Katan,et al.  EFFECT OF MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS VERSUS COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES ON HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS IN HEALTHY MEN AND WOMEN , 1987, The Lancet.

[27]  P R Biondetti,et al.  Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. , 1986, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[28]  W. Mueller,et al.  Subcutaneous fat topography: age changes and relationship to cardiovascular fitness in Canadians. , 1986, Human biology.

[29]  P S Davies,et al.  Ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in man. , 1986, American journal of physical anthropology.

[30]  F. Cambien,et al.  Is the level of serum triglyceride a significant predictor of coronary death in "normocholesterolemic" subjects? The Paris Prospective Study. , 1986, American journal of epidemiology.

[31]  K. Perkins,et al.  Family history of coronary heart disease: is it an independent risk factor? , 1986, American journal of epidemiology.

[32]  D. Hegsted.  Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: a re-evaluation. , 1986, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[33]  P. Jones,et al.  Waist-hip circumference ratio and its relation to age and overweight in British men. , 1986, Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition.

[34]  R. Paffenbarger,et al.  Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  S. Pocock,et al.  High density lipoprotein cholesterol is not a major risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in British men. , 1986, British medical journal.

[36]  H. Naito.  The Association of Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins with Coronary Artery Disease Assessed by Coronary Arteriography , 1985, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[37]  D. Mukherjee,et al.  A method of constructing an index of obesity. , 1985, Human biology.

[38]  Z. Tran,et al.  Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels seen with changes in body weight. A meta-analysis. , 1985, JAMA.

[39]  J. Wang,et al.  The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level. , 1985, Hypertension.

[40]  T. Cole,et al.  Obesity: new insight into the anthropometric classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography. , 1985, British medical journal.

[41]  D. Kromhout,et al.  Potassium, calcium, alcohol intake and blood pressure: the Zutphen Study. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[42]  J. Wang,et al.  Estimation of human body composition by electrical impedance methods: a comparative study. , 1985, Journal of applied physiology.

[43]  H C Lukaski,et al.  Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[44]  R. Lew,et al.  Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  A S Jackson,et al.  Research design and analysis of data procedures for predicting body density. , 1984, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[46]  K. Norris,et al.  A new approach for the estimation of body composition: infrared interactance. , 1984, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[47]  T. Lohman,et al.  Influence of maturation on relationship of skinfolds to body density: a cross-sectional study. , 1984, Human biology.

[48]  K. Pennert,et al.  Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. , 1984, British medical journal.

[49]  C. G. Blomqvist,et al.  Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites. , 1984, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[50]  P. Björntorp,et al.  Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. , 1984, British medical journal.

[51]  D. McGee,et al.  Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake. , 1984, American journal of epidemiology.

[52]  D. Kromhout,et al.  Diet, prevalence and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle-aged men. The Zutphen Study. , 1984, American journal of epidemiology.

[53]  A. Kissebah,et al.  Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. , 1983, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[54]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  Apolipoprotein A-I as a marker of angiographically assessed coronary-artery disease. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  Manning Feinleib,et al.  Obesity as an Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: A 26‐year Follow‐up of Participants in the Framingham Heart Study , 1983, Circulation.

[56]  L. Solberg,et al.  Risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions. A review of autopsy studies. , 1983, Arteriosclerosis.

[57]  M. Lieberman.  Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation , 1983, Nato Advanced Study Institutes Series.

[58]  G. Rhoads,et al.  THE RELATION OF CORONARY DISEASE, STROKE, AND MORTALITY TO WEIGHT IN YOUTH AND IN MIDDLE AGE , 1983, The Lancet.

[59]  S. Garn,et al.  Fatness‐dependence and utility of the subscapular/triceps ratio , 1982 .

[60]  G. Borkan,et al.  Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold measurements in assessment of subcutaneous and total fatness. , 1982, American journal of physical anthropology.

[61]  C. Glueck,et al.  Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions after alteration in dietary cholesterol, polyunsaturated, saturated, and total fat in free-living normal and hypercholesterolemic children. , 1982, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[62]  G. Rose.  Incubation period of coronary heart disease. , 1982, British medical journal.

[63]  K. Vranizan,et al.  The effects of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. , 1982, JAMA.

[64]  G. Franceschini,et al.  Increased Apoprotein B in Very Low Density Lipoproteins of Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease , 1982, Arteriosclerosis.

[65]  B. Kaye,et al.  Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease: The Western Electric study , 1981 .

[66]  W. Mueller,et al.  Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat: skinfold site choice and construction of indices. , 1981, Human biology.

[67]  L Wilhelmsen,et al.  Multivariate Analyses of Serum Apolipoproteins and Risk Factors in Relation to Acute Myocardial Infarction , 1981, Arteriosclerosis.

[68]  L. Carlson,et al.  Serum triglycerides, to be or not to be a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease? , 1981, Atherosclerosis.

[69]  T. Lohman.  Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. , 1981, Human biology.

[70]  W. Kannel,et al.  Diet and Its Relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Death in Three Populations , 1981, Circulation.

[71]  W. Raynor,et al.  Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease. The Western Electric study. , 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

[72]  E. Jover,et al.  Comparative serum apolipoprotein studies in ischaemic heart disease and control subjects. , 1980, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[73]  M Feinleib,et al.  Obesity and lipoprotein cholesterol in the Framingham offspring study. , 1980, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[74]  W. Riesen,et al.  Apoproteins and lipids as discriminators of severity of coronary heart disease. , 1980, Atherosclerosis.

[75]  P. Sorlie,et al.  Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart disease incidence: The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program. , 1980, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[76]  L. Wilhelmsen,et al.  Obesity in relation to morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. , 1980, American journal of epidemiology.

[77]  M. Shipley,et al.  PLASMA LIPIDS AND MORTALITY: A SOURCE OF ERROR , 1980, The Lancet.

[78]  F. Katch,et al.  Measurement and prediction errors in body composition assessment and the search for the perfect prediction equation. , 1980, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[79]  A. Gotto,et al.  Relation of diet to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in middle-aged marathon runners, joggers, and inactive men. , 1980, The New England journal of medicine.

[80]  M Feinleib,et al.  The relation of antemortem characteristics to cardiovascular findings at necropsy--The Framingham Study. , 1979, Atherosclerosis.

[81]  D. Hunninghake,et al.  Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese young men. , 1979, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[82]  J. Himes,et al.  Compressibility of skinfolds and the measurement of subcutaneous fatness. , 1979, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[83]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Diet and serum cholesterol: do zero correlations negate the relationship? , 1979, American journal of epidemiology.

[84]  W C Blackwelder,et al.  Coronary risk factors and autopsy findings in Japanese-American men. , 1978, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[85]  J. Marr,et al.  Diet and heart: a postscript. , 1977, British medical journal.

[86]  J. Womersley,et al.  Influence of muscular development, obesity, and age on the fat-free mass of adults. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[87]  A Kagan,et al.  Serum lipoproteins and coronary heart disease in a population study of Hawaii Japanese men. , 1976, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  W. Kannel,et al.  Relation of weight change to changes in atherogenic traits: the Framingham Study. , 1974, Journal of chronic diseases.

[89]  J. Durnin,et al.  An experimental study on variability of measurements of skinfold thickness on young adults. , 1973, Human biology.

[90]  H. Tyroler,et al.  Weight and weight history in relation to cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease. , 1971, Archives of internal medicine.

[91]  D. C. Simpson,et al.  Correlation of whole-body impedance with total body water volume. , 1969, Journal of applied physiology.

[92]  J. Webber.  Loughborough University of Technology , 1969 .

[93]  M. Shickman,et al.  Controlled trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat for prevention of atherosclerotic complications. , 1968, Lancet.

[94]  L. Oscai,et al.  EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON OVERWEIGHT MIDDLE‐AGED MALES * , 1968, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[95]  Scrimshaw Ns,et al.  Diet and atherosclerosis. , 1968 .

[96]  K. Yano,et al.  Atherosclerosis in a defined Japanese population: a clinicopathologic appraisal. , 1968, American Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[97]  J. Meigs,et al.  INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SKINFOLD THICKNESS, SERUM LIPIDS AND BLOOD SUGAR IN NORMAL MEN. , 1964, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[98]  A. Keys.  Diet and the epidemiology of coronary heart disease. , 1957, Journal of the American Medical Association.

[99]  A. B. Dubois,et al.  Measurement of the volume of gas in the gastrointestinal tract; values in normal subjects and ambulatory patients. , 1956, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[100]  A. Keys,et al.  Body fat in adult man. , 1953, Physiological reviews.

[101]  J. Nyboer,et al.  Electrical Impedance Plethysmography: A Physical and Physiologic Approach to Peripheral Vascular Study , 1950, Circulation.

[102]  W. O. Fenn,et al.  Daily variations of vital capacity, residual air, and expiratory reserve including a study of the residual air method. , 1949, Journal of applied physiology.

[103]  R. Shephard.  Body composition in biological anthropology. , 1990 .

[104]  B. Holland,et al.  Milk Products and Eggs: Fourth Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's the Composition of Foods , 1989 .

[105]  J A Hodgdon,et al.  Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross-validation study. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[106]  S. Bingham,et al.  The dietary assessment of individual: methods, accuracy, new techniques and recommendations , 1987 .

[107]  A. Rimm,et al.  A prospective study of body fat distribution and weight loss. , 1985, International Journal of Obesity.

[108]  G. Johnson,et al.  Validity of anthropometric equations for the estimation of body density in adolescent athletes. , 1984, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[109]  K. Norris.  Instrumental Techniques for Measuring Quality of Agricultural Crops , 1983 .

[110]  R. Krauss,et al.  Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations: a one-year, randomized, controlled study in sedentary, middle-aged men. , 1983, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[111]  R. Stallones.  Ischemic heart disease and lipids in blood and diet. , 1983, Annual review of nutrition.

[112]  R. Mccance,et al.  First supplement to McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods : amino acids, mg per 100 g food, fatty acids, g per 100 g food , 1980 .

[113]  S. Shapiro,et al.  Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia [increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (beta) lipoproteins]. , 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[114]  K. Francis.  HDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease. , 1980, Southern medical journal.

[115]  J. Marr.  Individual dietary surveys: purposes and methods. , 1971, World review of nutrition and dietetics.

[116]  Gillian Tindall,et al.  Men and Women , 1968, Mental Health.

[117]  W. Kinzey,et al.  Age changes in skinfold compressibility. , 1960, Journal of gerontology.

[118]  J. Vague,et al.  The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. , 1956, The American journal of clinical nutrition.