Biobased epoxy blends from epoxidized castor oil: Effect on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties

In the present study, in-situ epoxidation was employed to prepare epoxidized castor oil (ECO). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analysis were used to analyze the chemical structures of ECO. Biobased epoxy blends were synthesized from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and ECO at variable wt% using triethylenetetramine as curing agent. The thermal, mechanical and morphological behavior of blends has been investigated. The morphological study showed homogeneous mixing of the ECO and DGEBA blends. The blend prepared using 20 wt% of ECO showed optimum impact and flexural strength as compared with commercially available epoxy resin. The fracture toughness parameters, critical stress intensity (KIC) and the critical strain of blends were also observed to increase as compared with the virgin matrix which revealed enhancement in toughness. The tensile property of the blend reduced with the increasing ECO content which confirmed the fact that the addition of the high amount of ECO reduces the crosslink density of the biobased epoxy.

[1]  M. A. Bustam,et al.  Blending of Epoxidised Palm Oil with Epoxy Resin: The Effect on Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Properties , 2012, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[2]  Yonghong Zhou,et al.  Preparation of biobased epoxies using tung oil fatty acid-derived C21 diacid and C22 triacid and study of epoxy properties , 2013 .

[3]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermomechanical behavior of epoxy resins modified with epoxidized vegetable oils , 2008 .

[4]  M. Ferrão,et al.  Ceramer coatings from castor oil or epoxidized castor oil and tetraethoxysilane , 2006 .

[5]  J. Shin,et al.  Cationic polymerization and physicochemical properties of a biobased epoxy resin initiated by thermally latent catalysts , 2005 .

[6]  N. Tudorachi,et al.  Biobased Epoxy Matrix from Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A and Epoxidized Corn Oil, Cross-Linked with Diels–Alder Adduct of Levopimaric Acid with Acrylic Acid , 2013 .

[7]  M. Skrifvars,et al.  Effect of water absorption on mechanical properties of soybean oil thermosets reinforced with natural fibers , 2012 .

[8]  M. Lovell,et al.  Tribology for Scientists and Engineers: From Basics to Advanced Concepts , 2013 .

[9]  Junyou Shi,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of All-Biomass Soy Protein Isolate-Based Films Enhanced by Epoxy Castor Oil Acid Sodium and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose , 2016, Materials.

[10]  A. Hautfenne.  Standard methods for the analysis of oils, fats and derivatives, 6th Edition. 1st Supplement: Part 5 (1982) Section III, Glycerines. Section IV, Alkaline soaps , 1982 .

[11]  M. Janković,et al.  Epoxidation of castor oil with peracetic acid formed in situ in the presence of an ion exchange resin , 2012 .

[12]  Soojin Park,et al.  Thermal stability and impact and flexural properties of epoxy resins/epoxidized castor oil/nano-CaCO3 ternary systems , 2010 .

[13]  Hatice Mutlu,et al.  Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry , 2010 .

[14]  Jean-Mathieu Pin,et al.  From epoxidized linseed oil to bioresin: an overall approach of epoxy/anhydride cross-linking. , 2015, ChemSusChem.

[15]  J. Crivello,et al.  Synthesis and Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Castor Oil and Its Derivatives , 1998 .

[16]  Olivera S. Stamenković,et al.  Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils , 2012 .

[17]  T. Aravinthan,et al.  Cure kinetics of an epoxidized hemp oil based bioresin system , 2011 .

[18]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Epoxidized castor oil toughened Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A epoxy nanocomposites: structure and property relationships , 2015 .

[19]  A. Arsad,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Epoxidized Palm Oil/Epoxy Resin Blend , 2014 .

[20]  W. Chow,et al.  Thermal Properties, Fracture Toughness and Water Absorption of Epoxy-Palm Oil Blends , 2010 .

[21]  X. Kong,et al.  The development of canola oil based bio-resins , 2012 .

[22]  Yang Weimin,et al.  Miscibility, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of a DGEBA based epoxy resin toughened with a liquid rubber , 2008 .

[23]  M. Misra,et al.  Biobased Epoxy/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: Thermophysical Properties and Fracture Behavior Evaluation , 2005 .

[24]  D. Ratna,et al.  Thermomechanical Properties and Morphology of Blends of a Hydroxy-Functionalized Hyperbranched Polymer and Epoxy Resin , 2001 .

[25]  Olga M. Govedarica,et al.  Kinetics of the Epoxidation of Castor Oil with Peracetic Acid Formed in Situ in the Presence of an Ion-Exchange Resin , 2014 .

[26]  T. Schuman,et al.  Vegetable Oil-derived Epoxy Monomers and Polymer Blends: A Comparative Study with Review , 2013 .

[27]  M. Skrifvars,et al.  Preparation of thermoset composites from natural fibres and acrylate modified soybean oil resins , 2009 .

[28]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Cure kinetics of exfoliated bio-based epoxy/clay nanocomposites developed from acrylated epoxidized castor oil and diglycidyl ether bisphenol A networks , 2015 .

[29]  Demirel Elif,et al.  Microwave Heating Application To Produce Dehydrated Castor Oil , 2011 .

[30]  S. Sankaranarayanan,et al.  Preparation of functionalized castor oil derivatives with tunable physical properties using heterogeneous acid and base catalysts , 2015 .

[31]  T. Aravinthan,et al.  Cure kinetic study of epoxidized hemp oil cured with a multiple catalytic system , 2012 .

[32]  D S Ogunniyi,et al.  Castor oil: a vital industrial raw material. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[33]  R. Wool,et al.  Soybean‐ and castor‐oil‐based thermosetting polymers: Mechanical properties , 2006 .

[34]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of bio-based epoxy blends from renewable resource based epoxidized soybean oil as reactive diluent , 2014, Chinese Journal of Polymer Science.

[35]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Effect of Biodegradable Epoxidized Castor Oil on Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins , 2004 .

[36]  R. Wool,et al.  Soybean and castor oil based monomers: Synthesis and copolymerization with styrene , 2006 .

[37]  C. Bruneau,et al.  Methyl ricinoleate as platform chemical for simultaneous production of fine chemicals and polymer precursors. , 2012, ChemSusChem.

[38]  L. Avérous,et al.  Biodegradable and Biobased Polymers for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: Kalia/Biodegradable , 2016 .