Mental Representation and Processing of Geographic Knowledge

region, 53 access process, 71, 80, 129 activated long-term memory, 33, 71, 83, 127 analogical representation, 55 anytime characteristic, 10, 69, 73 articulatory loop, 30 artificial intelligence, 13 aspect maps, 118 associative memory, 41 associative priming, 32 atlas, cognitive, 22, 25, 26 attention shifting subsystem, 42 attention window, 42 behaviorism, 15, 22 binary constraint network, 98 birdbrain, 29 buffer, visual, 32, 37, 38, 73, 88 cardinal direction, 49 categorical to coordinate conversion, 42, 73 cathode-ray tube metaphor, 37 cell matrix, 58 central executive, 30, 33 chunking, 43 city image, 23 coarse knowledge, 7, 66 cognition computational, 22 situated, 29 cognitive atlas, 22, 25, 26 cognitive collage, 22, 26, 27 cognitive economy, 7 cognitive map, 1, 15, 21-25 cognitive science, 15 collage, cognitive, 22, 26, 27 completion parameters, 108 computational cognition, 22 computational equivalence, 55 computational geometry, 45 compuational imagery, 60 computational model, 13, 15-17 computational modeling, experimental, 18 computer, 15 computer metaphor, 15 conceptual hierarchies, 32 configuration, spatial, 3 configurational knowledge, 25 connectionism, 15 consistency problem, 98 constraint satisfaction, 98 construction, 66, 68 image, 34 mental image, 10, 11 construction process, 3, 5, 6, 27, 83, 130

[1]  Eliseo Clementini,et al.  A Global Framework for Qualitative Shape Description , 1997, GeoInformatica.

[2]  R. Hart,et al.  The Development of Spatial Cognition: A Review. , 1973 .

[3]  A. Miyake,et al.  Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control , 1999 .

[4]  R. Schvaneveldt,et al.  Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. , 1971, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  B. Tversky,et al.  Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions , 1992 .

[6]  Christian Freksa,et al.  On the Relations between Spatial Concepts and Geographic Objects , 2020 .

[7]  A Friedman,et al.  Reasoning about geography. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[8]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Readings in information visualization - using vision to think , 1999 .

[9]  M. Egenhofer,et al.  Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations , 2001 .

[10]  D. R. Montello A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in Large-Scale Environments , 1998 .

[11]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[12]  Eliseo Clementini,et al.  Qualitative Representation of Positional Information , 1997, Artif. Intell..

[13]  Ronald A. Finke CREATIVE INFERENCE IN IMAGERY AND INVENTION , 1992 .

[14]  Christoph Schlieder,et al.  Präferierte mentale Modelle beim räumlich-relationalen Schließen: Empirie und kognitive Modellierung , 1996, Kognitionswissenschaft.

[15]  J. Portugali The construction of cognitive maps , 1996 .

[16]  T. McNamara Memory's view of space , 1991 .

[17]  U. Eco A Theory of Semiotics , 1977 .

[18]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Recognition of Abstract Regions in Cartographic Maps , 2001, COSIT.

[19]  Alexander Klippel,et al.  Reasoning about Cardinal Directions Using Grids as Qualitative Geographic Coordinates , 1999, COSIT.

[20]  Peter A. Tucker,et al.  Primary Memory , 1965, Encyclopedia of Database Systems.

[21]  Robert Logie Working memory: A mental space for design and discovery. , 2001 .

[22]  Bettina Berendt,et al.  Spatial Representation with Aspect Maps , 1998, Spatial Cognition.

[23]  Dimitris Papadias,et al.  Topological Inference , 1995, IJCAI.

[24]  Gerhard Strube,et al.  Spatial Reasoning: No Need for Visual Information , 2001, COSIT.

[25]  Ellen Yi-Luen Do,et al.  Thinking with Diagrams in Architectural Design , 2001, Artificial Intelligence Review.

[26]  Mohammed Nadjib Khenkhar Object-Oriented Representation of Depictions on the Basis of Cell Matrices , 1991, Text Understanding in LILOG.

[27]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  Combining cardinal direction relations and relative orientation relations in Qualitative Spatial Reasoning , 2003, ArXiv.

[28]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live by , 1981 .

[29]  R. Finke,et al.  Principles of mental imagery , 1989 .

[30]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[31]  M. Farah Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology. , 1988, Psychological review.

[32]  Gudula Retz-Schmidt,et al.  Various Views on Spatial Prepositions , 1988, AI Mag..

[33]  B. Tversky Spatial mental models , 1991 .

[34]  B. Tversky Distortions in memory for maps , 1981, Cognitive Psychology.

[35]  Max J. Egenhofer,et al.  Reasoning about Binary Topological Relations , 1991, SSD.

[36]  Reginald G. Golledge,et al.  Do People Understand Spatial Concepts: The Case of First-Order Primitives , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[37]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations , 1986 .

[38]  Derek Partridge,et al.  Representation of Knowledge , 1996, Artificial Intelligence.

[39]  I. Rock,et al.  The legacy of Gestalt psychology. , 1990, Scientific American.

[40]  P. Heidorn,et al.  Chapter 7 The Structure of Cognitive Maps: Representations and Processes , 1993 .

[41]  Allan Paivio,et al.  IMAGERY AND LANGUAGE , 1971 .

[42]  S. Kosslyn Seeing and Imagining in the Cerebral Hemispheres: A Computational Approach , 1988 .

[43]  Patrick J. Hayes,et al.  The second naive physics manifesto , 1995 .

[44]  Zenon W. Pylyshyn,et al.  What the Mind’s Eye Tells the Mind’s Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery , 1973 .

[45]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Temporal Reasoning Based on Semi-Intervals , 1992, Artif. Intell..

[46]  Peter Struss,et al.  Qualitative Reasoning , 1997, The Computer Science and Engineering Handbook.

[47]  R. Downs,et al.  Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behavior , 2017 .

[48]  Bettina Berendt,et al.  Spatial Thinking with Geographic Maps: An Empirical Sstudy , 1997, Herausforderungen an die Wissensorganisation.

[49]  S. Kosslyn Image and mind , 1982 .

[50]  T. McNamara Mental representations of spatial relations , 1986, Cognitive Psychology.

[51]  Christopher Habel,et al.  5 Taking the functional aspect of mental models as a starting point for studying discourse comprehension , 1999 .

[52]  M. J. Enenhofer Spatial-Query-by-Sketch , 1996, Proceedings 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages.

[53]  Robert P. Futrelle,et al.  INFORMATIONAL DIAGRAMS IN SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS , 1992 .

[54]  Edward R. Tufte,et al.  Envisioning Information , 1990 .

[55]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes , 1968, Psychology of Learning and Motivation.

[56]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Elements of graph design , 1993 .

[57]  N. Hari Narayanan,et al.  On designing comprehensible interactive hypermedia manuals , 1998, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[58]  Rocky Ross,et al.  Mental models , 2004, SIGA.

[59]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words , 1987, Cogn. Sci..

[60]  Werner Kuhn,et al.  Metaphors Create Theories For Users , 1993, COSIT.

[61]  S M Kosslyn,et al.  Visual images preserve metric spatial information: evidence from studies of image scanning. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[62]  Klaus Rehkämper Mentale Bilder - Analoge Repräsentationen , 1990, Repräsentation und Verarbeitung räumlichen Wissens.

[63]  J. Hoffman,et al.  Reading and visual memory: remembering scenes that were never seen. , 1992, The American journal of psychology.

[64]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example , 1996, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[65]  D. Papadias,et al.  Computational Imagery , 1992, Cogn. Sci..

[66]  W. Nöth Handbook of Semiotics , 2001 .

[67]  Aaron Sloman Interactions between philosophy and artificial intelligence: the role of intuition and non-logical reasoning in intelligence , 1971, IJCAI 1971.

[68]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind , 1988 .

[69]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  A fully formalized theory for describing visual notations , 1998 .

[70]  H. Intraub,et al.  Boundary Extension for Briefly Glimpsed Photographs: Do Common Perceptual Processes Result in Unexpected Memory Distortions? , 1996 .

[71]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  The Geometry of Environmental Knowledge , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[72]  Mary Hegarty,et al.  Capacity Limits in Diagrammatic Reasoning , 2000, Diagrams.

[73]  M. Goodale Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate , 1995 .

[74]  Kenneth D. Forbus,et al.  Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: The Clock Project , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[75]  E. Tolman Cognitive maps in rats and men. , 1948, Psychological review.

[76]  Günther Palm,et al.  Wörterbuch der Kognitionswissenschaft , 1996 .

[77]  Kenneth R. Koedinger,et al.  Emergent Properties and Structural Constraints: Advantages Diagrammatic Representations for Reasoning and Learning , 1992 .

[78]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Qualitative spatial reasoning , 1990, Forschungsberichte, TU Munich.

[79]  D. Appleyard Styles and Methods of Structuring a City , 1970 .

[80]  Zenon Kulpa,et al.  DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION AND REASONING , 1994 .

[81]  C. Grant Head Mapping as Language or Semiotic System: Review and Comment , 1991 .

[82]  Patrick J. Hayes,et al.  The Naive Physics Manifesto , 1990, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[83]  Anthony G. Cohn,et al.  Qualitative Spatial Representation and Reasoning Techniques , 1997, KI.

[84]  M. Knauff Visual and Spatial Representations in Relational Reasoning , 2000 .

[85]  Terence Lee Urban Neighbourhood as a Socio-Spatial Schema , 1968 .

[86]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Visual mental images in the brain: Current issues , 1994 .

[87]  M. Knauff,et al.  Preferred mental models in qualitative spatial reasoning: A cognitive assessment of Allen's calculus , 1995 .

[88]  C. Habel,et al.  Mental Models in Discourse Processing and Reasoning , 1999 .

[89]  Joseph O'Rourke,et al.  Computational geometry in C (2nd ed.) , 1998 .

[90]  P. D. Felice,et al.  A comparison of methods for representing topological relationships , 1995 .

[91]  Albert C. Stevens,et al.  Distortions in judged spatial relations , 1978, Cognitive Psychology.

[92]  C. Freksa,et al.  9 On the duality and on the integration of propositional and spatial representations , 1999 .

[93]  R. Shepard,et al.  Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects , 1971, Science.

[94]  Alexander Klippel,et al.  Spatial symbol systems and spatial cognition: A computer science perspective on perception-based symbol processing , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[95]  Jon Barwise,et al.  Heterogeneous logic , 1996 .

[96]  Zenon W. Pylyshyn,et al.  The Imagery Debate: Analogue Media Versus Tacit Knowledge , 1988 .

[97]  D. Schacter Implicit memory: History and current status. , 1987 .

[98]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  A Formalization of Metaphors and Image-Schemas in User Interfaces , 1991 .

[99]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  A Topological Calculus for Cartographic Entities , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[100]  Allen Newell,et al.  Human Problem Solving. , 1973 .

[101]  J. Jonides,et al.  Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps , 1985, Memory & cognition.

[102]  G. Bower,et al.  Inconsistency in spatial knowledge , 1983, Memory & cognition.

[103]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  The Spatial Semantic Hierarchy , 2000, Artif. Intell..

[104]  G. A. Miller THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[105]  Johan de Kleer,et al.  Readings in qualitative reasoning about physical systems , 1990 .

[106]  G. A. Edgar Measure, Topology, and Fractal Geometry , 1990 .

[107]  Ulrich Eckhardt,et al.  Contour-based shape similarity , 1998, Optics & Photonics.

[108]  D. Dooling,et al.  Intrusion of a thematic idea in retention of prose. , 1974 .

[109]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models , 1993, COSIT.

[110]  N. Cowan The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity , 2001, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[111]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Robot Navigation with Schematic Maps , 2000 .

[112]  M. Posner Foundations of cognitive science , 1989 .

[113]  Wesley A. Mah,et al.  Cognitive reference points in judgments of symbolic magnitude , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[114]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Distortions in cognitive maps , 1992 .

[115]  Eliseo Clementini,et al.  A Small Set of Formal Topological Relationships Suitable for End-User Interaction , 1993, SSD.

[116]  Patrick Olivier,et al.  Diagrammatic Reasoning: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective , 2001, Artificial Intelligence Review.

[117]  M. Glanzer,et al.  Two storage mechanisms in free recall , 1966 .

[118]  Kai Zimmermann,et al.  Enhancing Qualitative Spatial Reasoning - Combining Orientation and Distance , 1993, COSIT.

[119]  Daniel Hernández,et al.  Qualitative Representation of Spatial Knowledge , 1994, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[120]  Christian Freksa,et al.  DIMENSIONS OF QUALITATIVE SPATIAL REASONING , 1999 .

[121]  David M. Mark,et al.  Modelling Conceptual Neighbourhoods of Toplogical Line-Region Relations , 1995, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[122]  C. C. Trowbridge ON FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF ORIENTATION AND "IMAGINARY MAPS". , 1913, Science.

[123]  Brian V. Funt,et al.  Problem-Solving with Diagrammatic Representations , 1980, Artif. Intell..

[124]  Gabriela Goldschmidt,et al.  The Backtalk of Self-Generated Sketches , 2003, Design Issues.

[125]  Roger Ratcliff,et al.  Does activation really spread , 1981 .

[126]  Ephraim P. Glinert,et al.  Visual Programming Environments: Paradigms and Systems , 1990 .

[127]  T. McNamara,et al.  Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[128]  Erland Jungert Symbolic Spatial Reasoning on Object Shapes for Qualitative Matching , 1993, COSIT.

[129]  David J. Bryant,et al.  Spatial Mental Models from Descriptions , 1994, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[130]  M. Hegarty Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[131]  David M. Mark,et al.  Naive Geography , 1995, COSIT.

[132]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Qualitative Spatial Reasoning with Cardinal Directions , 1991, ÖGAI.

[133]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Principles of Artificial Intelligence , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[134]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Using Orientation Information for Qualitative Spatial Reasoning , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[135]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways , 1983, Trends in Neurosciences.

[136]  W. Gogel The adjacency principle in visual percerption. , 1978, Scientific American.

[137]  Gérard Ligozat,et al.  Reasoning about Cardinal Directions , 1998, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[138]  Allan Collins,et al.  A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing , 1975 .

[139]  Martin Raubal,et al.  STRUCTURING WAYFINDING TASKS WITH IMAGE SCHEMATA , 1999 .

[140]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  VISCO: bringing visual spatial querying to reality , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (Cat. No.98TB100254).

[141]  Ronald A. Finke,et al.  Creative Imagery: Discoveries and inventions in Visualization , 1990 .

[142]  P. Thorndyke Distance estimation from cognitive maps , 1981, Cognitive Psychology.

[143]  J. Freyd,et al.  A velocity effect for representational momentum , 1985 .

[144]  Z. Pylyshyn Computing in cognitive science , 1989 .

[145]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Convexity Rule for Shape Decomposition Based on Discrete Contour Evolution , 1999, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[146]  Kai Zimmermann,et al.  Measuring without Measures: The Delta-Calculus , 1995, COSIT.

[147]  Eliseo Clementini,et al.  Qualitative Distances , 1995, COSIT.

[148]  Christopher Habel,et al.  Partonomies and Depictions: A Hybrid Approach , 1995 .

[149]  E. Sadalla,et al.  Reference points in spatial cognition. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory.

[150]  R. Downs,et al.  Maps in minds : reflections on cognitive mapping , 1978 .

[151]  V. Braitenberg Vehicles, Experiments in Synthetic Psychology , 1984 .

[152]  Alexander G. Hauptmann,et al.  Gestures with Speech for Graphic Manipulation , 1993, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[153]  A. Siegel,et al.  The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. , 1975, Advances in child development and behavior.

[154]  Franco P. Preparata,et al.  Computational Geometry , 1985, Texts and Monographs in Computer Science.

[155]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Qualitative spatial reasoning about distances and directions in geographic space , 1992, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[156]  Joe Marks,et al.  A formal specification scheme for network diagrams that facilitates automated design , 1991, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[157]  G. Humphreys,et al.  Explorations in Design Space , 1994 .

[158]  Aaron Sloman,et al.  Afterthoughts on Analogical Representations , 1975, TINLAP.

[159]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Qualitative spatial reasoning using orientation, distance, and path knowledge , 2004, Applied Intelligence.

[160]  R. Shepard,et al.  CHRONOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ROTATION OF MENTAL IMAGES , 1973 .

[161]  Anthony G. Cohn,et al.  A Spatial Logic based on Regions and Connection , 1992, KR.

[162]  Bernd Meyer,et al.  Visual Language Theory , 2012, Springer New York.

[163]  R. Wallace The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason , 1988 .

[164]  L. Hedges,et al.  Categories and particulars: prototype effects in estimating spatial location. , 1991, Psychological review.

[165]  J. Bransford,et al.  Sentence memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach ☆ ☆☆ , 1972 .

[166]  Juval Portugali INTER-REPRESENTATION NETWORKS AND COGNITIVE MAPS , 1996 .

[167]  B. Kuipers The "Map in the Head" Metaphor , 1982 .

[168]  Brad A. Myers,et al.  Taxonomies of visual programming and program visualization , 1990, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[169]  Alexander Klippel,et al.  Schematic Maps as Wayfinding Aids , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[170]  J. Gero,et al.  UNEXPECTED DISCOVERIES : HOW DESIGNERS DISCOVER HIDDEN FEATURES IN SKETCHES , 1999 .

[171]  Christopher Habel,et al.  Propositional and Depictorial Representations of Spatial Knowledge: The Case of Path-Concepts , 1989, Natural Language and Logic.

[172]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Formal specification of image schemata -- a step towards interoperability in geographic information systems , 1999, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[173]  L. Cooper,et al.  Implicit memory for possible and impossible objects: constraints on the construction of structural descriptions. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[174]  Allen Newell,et al.  Physical Symbol Systems , 1980, Cogn. Sci..

[175]  Michael P. Peterson,et al.  Interactive and Animated Cartography , 1995 .

[176]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Schematic Maps for Robot Navigation , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[177]  R. A. Brooks,et al.  Intelligence without Representation , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[178]  Christoph Schlieder,et al.  14 The construction of preferred mental models in reasoning with interval relations , 1999 .

[179]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Scale and Multiple Psychologies of Space , 1993, COSIT.

[180]  H. Roediger,et al.  Memory metaphors in cognitive psychology , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[181]  Helen Couclelis,et al.  People Manipulate Objects (but Cultivate Fields): Beyond the Raster-Vector Debate in GIS , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[182]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Shape Similarity Measure Based on Correspondence of Visual Parts , 2000, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[183]  Anthony G. Cohn,et al.  A Hierarchical Representation of Qualitative Shape based on Connection and Convexity , 1995, COSIT.

[184]  S. Kosslyn Scanning visual images:Some structural implications , 1973 .

[185]  George W. Furnas,et al.  Reasoning With Diagrams Only , 2002 .

[186]  Ipke Wachsmuth,et al.  Gesture Recognition of the Upper Limbs - From Signal to Symbol , 1997, Gesture Workshop.

[187]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Cognitive Requirements on Making and Interpreting Maps , 1997, COSIT.

[188]  M. Ross Quillian,et al.  Retrieval time from semantic memory , 1969 .

[189]  F. Craik,et al.  Levels of Pro-cessing: A Framework for Memory Research , 1975 .

[190]  R. Logie Visuo-spatial Working Memory , 1994 .