Negative Affect, Emotional Expression, and Forgetting in Young Infants.

Ss were trained for 3 days to move an overhead mobile containing 10 objects, changed to 2 objects during the 3rd session. The change resulted in crying in half of the Ss. A retention test was given 1 or 7 days later. Measures of facial expressions during nonreinforcement phases at the outset of each session showed that interest was the predominant expression. Interest decreased and surprise increased during the 3rd session and continued into the 4th sesson for Ss in the 1-day retention group. When shifted to the 2-object mobile, criers exhibited decreasing interest and increasing anger and sadness as their state escalated toward crying. Consistent with earlier research, all Ss showed retention at 1 day, but only noncriers exhibited retention at 7 days. Criers displayed significantly more anger than noncriers during the 1- but not the 7-day retention test

[1]  M. Lewis,et al.  Violation of Expectancy, Loss of Control, and Anger Expressions in Young Infants. , 1990 .

[2]  J. Fagen,et al.  Crying-produced forgetting in infants: A contextual analysis☆ , 1990 .

[3]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[4]  C. Rovee-Collier,et al.  Contextual gating of memory retrieval. , 1989, Developmental psychobiology.

[5]  M. Lewis,et al.  Emotion and Cognition in Infancy: Facial Expressions during Contingency Learning , 1989 .

[6]  J. Campos,et al.  Emergent Themes in the Study of Emotional Development and Emotion Regulation. , 1989 .

[7]  E. Tronick.  Emotions and emotional communication in infants. , 1989, The American psychologist.

[8]  M. Lewis,et al.  Facial expressions during learning in 1-year-old infants , 1988 .

[9]  P. Ohr,et al.  The effect of crying on long-term memory in infancy. , 1985, Child development.

[10]  C. Izard,et al.  Continuities and Changes in Emotion Expressions During Brief Separation at 13 and 18 Months. , 1985 .

[11]  C. Rovee-Collier,et al.  Contextual determinants of retrieval in three-month-old infants☆ , 1985 .

[12]  P. Ekman,et al.  Approaches To Emotion , 1985 .

[13]  R. Emde,et al.  The facial expression of anger in seven-month-old infants. , 1983, Child development.

[14]  C. Rovee-Collier,et al.  Immediate and long-term memory for reinforcement context: the development of learned expectancies in early infancy. , 1980, Child development.

[15]  J. Fagen.  Stimulus Preference, Reinforcer Effectiveness, and Relational Responding in Infants. , 1980 .

[16]  Norman E. Spear,et al.  The processing of memories : forgetting and retention , 1980 .

[17]  Carroll E. Izard,et al.  The young infant's ability to produce discrete emotion expressions. , 1980 .

[18]  C. Rovee-Collier,et al.  A conditioning analysis of infant long-term memory. , 1979, Child development.

[19]  C. K. Rovee,et al.  Effects of quantitative shifts in a visual reinforcer on the instrumental response of infants. , 1976, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[20]  Ulric Neisser,et al.  Cognition and affect , 1972 .

[21]  C. K. Rovee,et al.  Conjugate reinforcement of infant exploratory behavior. , 1969, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[22]  J. Fagen,et al.  Crying and retrograde amnesia in young infants , 1989 .

[23]  H. Hayne,et al.  Amount of training and retention by infants. , 1989, Developmental psychobiology.

[24]  T. Brazelton,et al.  Affective development in infancy. , 1986 .

[25]  V. Demos.  Crying in early infancy: An illustration of the motivational function of affect. , 1986 .

[26]  Ralph L. Rosnow,et al.  Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis , 1984 .

[27]  G. Bower.  Mood and memory. , 1981, The American psychologist.

[28]  C. Rovee-Collier,et al.  Advances in infancy research , 1981 .

[29]  Michael Lewis,et al.  The Development of affect , 1978 .

[30]  C. Izard.  The face of emotion , 1971 .

[31]  S. Tomkins.  The positive affects , 1963 .

[32]  S. Tomkins.  Illuminating and Stimulating. (Book Reviews: Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. vol. 1, The Positive Affects) , 1963 .