Security of fragile authentication watermarks with localization

In this paper, we study the security of fragile image authentication watermarks that can localize tampered areas. We start by comparing the goals, capabilities, and advantages of image authentication based on watermarking and cryptography. Then we point out some common security problems of current fragile authentication watermarks with localization and classify attacks on authentication watermarks into five categories. By investigating the attacks and vulnerabilities of current schemes, we propose a variation of the Wong scheme18 that is fast, simple, cryptographically secure, and resistant to all known attacks, including the Holliman-Memon attack9. In the new scheme, a special symmetry structure in the logo is used to authenticate the block content, while the logo itself carries information about the block origin (block index, the image index or time stamp, author ID, etc.). Because the authentication of the content and its origin are separated, it is possible to easily identify swapped blocks between images and accurately detect cropped areas, while being able to accurately localize tampered pixels.

[1]  A. Murat Tekalp,et al.  A hierarchical image authentication watermark with improved localization and security , 2001, Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205).

[2]  Jessica J. Fridrich.  Visual hash for oblivious watermarking , 2000, Electronic Imaging.

[3]  Nasir D. Memon,et al.  Cryptanalysis of the Yeung - Mintzer fragile watermarking technique , 2002, J. Electronic Imaging.

[4]  Gonzalo R. Arce,et al.  Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking , 1998, Proceedings 1998 International Conference on Image Processing. ICIP98 (Cat. No.98CB36269).

[5]  Nasir D. Memon,et al.  On the Security of the Yeung Mintzer Authentication Watermark , 1999, PICS.

[6]  Lisa M. Marvel,et al.  Compression-compatible fragile and semifragile tamper detection , 2000, Electronic Imaging.

[7]  Nasir D. Memon,et al.  Secret and public key authentication watermarking schemes that resist vector quantization attack , 2000, Electronic Imaging.

[8]  Nasir D. Memon,et al.  Counterfeiting attacks on oblivious block-wise independent invisible watermarking schemes , 2000, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[9]  Gary Friedman,et al.  The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image , 1993 .

[10]  ContentChing-Yung Lin.  Semi-Fragile Watermarking for Authenti ating JPEG Visual , 2000 .

[11]  Minerva M. Yeung,et al.  An invisible watermarking technique for image verification , 1997, Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing.

[12]  Deepa Kundur,et al.  Towards a telltale watermarking technique for tamper-proofing , 1998, Proceedings 1998 International Conference on Image Processing. ICIP98 (Cat. No.98CB36269).

[13]  Edward J. Delp,et al.  Fragile watermarking using the VW2D watermark , 1999, Electronic Imaging.

[14]  Minerva M. Yeung,et al.  Fragile imperceptible digital watermark with privacy control , 1999, Electronic Imaging.

[15]  Jiri Fridrich,et al.  New fragile authentication watermark for images , 2000, Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.00CH37101).

[16]  Edward J. Delp,et al.  A watermark for digital images , 1996, Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[17]  Ping Wah Wong,et al.  A Watermark for Image Integrity and Ownership Verification , 1998, PICS.

[18]  Nasir D. Memon,et al.  Further attacks on Yeung-Mintzer fragile watermarking scheme , 2000, Electronic Imaging.